海南岛地形对局地海风降水强度和分布影响的数值模拟
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摘要
利用高分辨率模式WRF对2013年5月31日发生在海南岛的一次海风降水过程进行数值模拟,通过不同地形高度及裸土化的敏感性试验,探讨了地形对局地海风降水模拟的影响。结果表明,随着海风环流的不断发展,海风锋与降水落区几乎同相向内陆推进,降水落区主要分布在岛屿西部的黎母岭山前。海南岛海风降水的强度及分布特征与当地四周低平、中间高耸的地形特点密不可分,地形在整个海风降水期间存在动力、热力作用的交替演变。11:00(北京时,下同)-16:00,降水主要由岛屿单侧海风锋引起,由于海风所经之处地形坡度较低,地形对海风的影响以热力增强为主,地形高度越大,驱动海风发展的海陆感热通量差异越大,海风环流发展越旺盛,降水强度也越大。17:00-21:00,降水主要由东南、西北向海风锋正向碰撞造成,随着海风不断向内陆传播,地形的动力阻挡作用越来越强,当地形坡度增加到一定程度时,这种阻挡作用可以迅速削弱海风环流,使降水强度减小。裸土化试验进一步表明,地形高度变化导致的以上影响依赖于下垫面的非均匀特征,地形和植被的共同作用可使地表能量的分配产生更大的差异,进而对局地降水产生较大的影响。
Sea Breeze is a common local circulation driven by differential heating between land and sea,which has been studied observationally,experimentally,theoretically and numerically for a long time. Previous studies have shown that sea breeze can be strongly influenced by complex inland topography,theoretically from dynamic and thermodynamic aspects. The studied area Hainan Island which has high occurrence of sea breeze also has special terrain characteristics,therefore the sea breeze is different from other coastal areas,and the sea breeze precipitation is one of the most important precipitation regimes in Hainan according to previous studies. In this paper,the sea breeze precipitation over the Hainan Island on May 31,2013 was simulated by high-resolution numerical model WRF,the impact of topography on intensity and pattern of local sea breeze precipitation was studied by designing different topography experiments. The results showthat,WRF model can simulate the surface wind and sea breeze precipitation intensity reasonably,and the time evolution of simulation and actual precipitation generally approaches well. With the continuous development of sea-breeze circulation,the timing and placement of convective precipitation as well as the sea breeze front almost move inland in phase,and the precipitation area mainly distribute in the front of Li Mu Mountain,which is located in the southwest of studied area. The rainfall structural characteristics are closely associated with the topography feature which is high and upright in the middle area while relatively lower all around in the Hainan Island,the dynamic and thermodynamic influence of terrain has alternate evolution in the whole process of sea breeze precipitation. During 11: 00-16: 00 BST,precipitation was mainly caused by single sea breeze front. The primary mechanism was thermal enhancement duing to the lower height of topography at this stage,and the sea-land thermal flux difference which essentially drive the development of sea breeze is more notable with higher terrain height. While during 17: 00-21: 00 BST,precipitation was mainly caused by the collision of eastern and western sea breeze front,with the inland propagation of sea breeze front,terrain blocking effect took dominant role as elevation increases gradually,but if the terrain height increases to a certain degree,the blocking effect can rapidly weaken sea breeze circulation and thus reduce rainfall intensity. Nevertheless,all the effects mentioned above depends on the inhomogeneous character of underlying surface,the combination of topography and vegetation can produce larger difference of the land surface energy distribution,and consequently lead to greater influence on local precipitation.
Sea Breeze is a common local circulation driven by differential heating between land and sea,which has been studied observationally,experimentally,theoretically and numerically for a long time. Previous studies have shown that sea breeze can be strongly influenced by complex inland topography,theoretically from dynamic and thermodynamic aspects. The studied area Hainan Island which has high occurrence of sea breeze also has special terrain characteristics,therefore the sea breeze is different from other coastal areas,and the sea breeze precipitation is one of the most important precipitation regimes in Hainan according to previous studies. In this paper,the sea breeze precipitation over the Hainan Island on May 31,2013 was simulated by high-resolution numerical model WRF,the impact of topography on intensity and pattern of local sea breeze precipitation was studied by designing different topography experiments. The results showthat,WRF model can simulate the surface wind and sea breeze precipitation intensity reasonably,and the time evolution of simulation and actual precipitation generally approaches well. With the continuous development of sea-breeze circulation,the timing and placement of convective precipitation as well as the sea breeze front almost move inland in phase,and the precipitation area mainly distribute in the front of Li Mu Mountain,which is located in the southwest of studied area. The rainfall structural characteristics are closely associated with the topography feature which is high and upright in the middle area while relatively lower all around in the Hainan Island,the dynamic and thermodynamic influence of terrain has alternate evolution in the whole process of sea breeze precipitation. During 11: 00-16: 00 BST,precipitation was mainly caused by single sea breeze front. The primary mechanism was thermal enhancement duing to the lower height of topography at this stage,and the sea-land thermal flux difference which essentially drive the development of sea breeze is more notable with higher terrain height. While during 17: 00-21: 00 BST,precipitation was mainly caused by the collision of eastern and western sea breeze front,with the inland propagation of sea breeze front,terrain blocking effect took dominant role as elevation increases gradually,but if the terrain height increases to a certain degree,the blocking effect can rapidly weaken sea breeze circulation and thus reduce rainfall intensity. Nevertheless,all the effects mentioned above depends on the inhomogeneous character of underlying surface,the combination of topography and vegetation can produce larger difference of the land surface energy distribution,and consequently lead to greater influence on local precipitation.
引文
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Wang D,M iao J F,Zhang D L,2015.Numerical simulations of local circulation and its response to land cover changes over the Yellow M ountains of China[J].J M eteor Res,29(4):667-681.
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Zhao Y C,2014.Diurnal variation of rainfall associated w ith tropical depression in South China and its relationship to land-sea contrast and topography[J].Atmosphere,5(1):16-44.
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Crosman E T,Horel J D,2010.Sea and lake breezes:A review of numerical studies[J].Bound Lay M eteor,137(1):1-29.
Findell K L,Eltahir E A B,2003.Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions.Part I:Framew ork development[J].J Hydrometeorol,4(3):552-569.
Fovell R G,2005.Convective initiation ahead of the sea-breeze front[J].Mon Wea Rev,133(1):264-278.
Hill C M,Fitzpatrick P J,Corbin J H,et al,2010.Summertime precipitation regimes associated w ith the sea breeze and land breeze in southern M ississippi and eastern Louisiana[J].Wea Forecasting,25(6):1755-1779.
Huang Q Q,Cai X H,Song Y,et al,2016.A numerical study of sea breeze and spatiotemporal variation in the coastal atmospheric boundary layer at Hainan Island,China[J].Bound Lay M eteor,161(3):543-560.
Hughes M,Hall A,Fovell R G,2009.Blocking in areas of complex topography and its influence on rainfall distribution[J].J Atmos Sci,66(2):508-518.
Kala J,Lyons T J,Abbs D J,et al,2010.Numerical simulations of the impacts of land-cover change on a southern sea breeze in southw est w estern Australia[J].Bound Lay M eteor,135(3):485-503.
Kruit R J W,Holtslag A A M,Tijm A B C,2004.Scaling of the seabreeze strength w ith observations in the Netherlands[J].Bound Lay M eteor,112(2):369-380.
Liang Z M,Wang D H,2015.Numerical study of the evolution of a sea-breeze front under tw o environmental flow s[J].J M eteor Res,29(3):446-466.
M ahrer Y,Pielke R A,1977.The effects of topography on sea and land breezes in a tw o-dimensional numerical model[J].M on Wea Rev,105(9):1151-1162.
M iao J F,Kroon L J M,De Arellano J V G,et al,2003.Impacts of topography and land degradation on the sea breeze over eastern Spain[J].M eteor Atmos Phys,84(3-4):157-170.
M iao J F,Wyser K,Chen D,et al,2009.Impacts of boundary layer turbulence and land surface process parameterizations on simulated sea breeze characteristics[J].Ann Geophys,27(6):2303-2320.
M iller S T K,Keim B D,Talbot R W,et al,2003.Sea breeze:Structure,forecasting,and impacts[J].Rev geophys,41(3):1-31.
Nitis T,Kitsiou D,Klaic Z B,et al,2005.The effects of basic flow and topography on the development of the sea breeze over a complex coastal environment[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,131(605):305-327.
Ramis C,Romero R,1995.A first numerical simulation of the development and structure of the sea breeze on the Island of M allorca[J].Ann Geophys,13(9):351-363.
Roe G H,2005.Orographic precipitation[J].Annu Rev Earth Pl Sc,33:645-671.
Simpson M,Warrior H,Raman S,et al,2007.Sea-breeze-initiated rainfall over the east coast of India during the Indian southw est monsoon[J].Nat Hazards,42(2):401-413.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al,2008.A description of the advanced research WRF version 3[J].NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR.DOI:10.5065/D68S4M VH.
Ter M aat H W,M oors E J,Hutjes R W A,et al,2013.Exploring the impact of land cover and topography on rainfall maxima in the Netherlands[J].J Hydrometeorol,14(2):524-542.
Tu X L,Zhou M Y,Sheng S H,1993.The mesoscale numerical simulation of the flow field of the Hainan Island and the Leizhou Penisula[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,12(2):219-235.
Wang D,M iao J F,Tan Z M,2013.Impacts of topography and land cover change on thunderstorm over the Huangshan(Yellow M ountain)area of China[J].Nat Hazards,67(2):675-699.
Wang D,M iao J F,Zhang D L,2015.Numerical simulations of local circulation and its response to land cover changes over the Yellow M ountains of China[J].J M eteor Res,29(4):667-681.
Wilson J W,Schreiber W E,1986.Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines[J].M on Wea Rev,114(12),2516-2536.
Zhao Y C,2014.Diurnal variation of rainfall associated w ith tropical depression in South China and its relationship to land-sea contrast and topography[J].Atmosphere,5(1):16-44.
付秀华,李兴生,吕乃平,等,1991.复杂地形条件下三维海陆风数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,2(2):113-119.Fu X H,Li X S,LüN P,et al,1991.Three dimensional numerical model of the sea and land breeze w ith complex terrain[J].Quart J Appl M eteor,2(2):113-119.
金皓,王彦昌,1991.三维海陆风的数值模拟[J].大气科学,15(5):25-32.Jin H,Wang Y C,1991.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional sea-land breeze[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,15(5):25-32.
廖菲,洪延超,郑国光,2007.地形对降水的影响研究概述[J].气象科技,35(3):309-316.Liao F,Hong Y C,Zheng G G,2007.Review of orographic influences on surface precipitation[J].M eteor Sci Technol,35(3):309-316.
刘燕飞,隆霄,王晖,2015.陕西中西部地区一次暴雨过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,34(2):378-388.Liu Y F,Long X,Wang H,2015.Numerical simulation studies on a rainstorm in central w estern Shaanxi Province[J].Plateau M eteor,34(2):378-388.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00182.
苗峻峰,2014.城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的数值模拟研究进展[J].大气科学学报,37(4):521-528.Miao J F,2014.An overview of numerical studies of interaction of urban heat island and sea breeze circulations[J].Transactions Atmos Sci,37(4):521-528.
慕建利,李泽椿,谌芸,等,2014.一次陕西关中强暴雨中尺度系统特征分析[J].高原气象,33(1):148-161.Mu J L,Li Z C,Chen Y,et al,2014.Feature analyses of mesoscale convective system of a heavy rainfall in the central Shaanxi Plain[J].Plateau M eteor,33(1):148-161.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00049.
苏涛,苗峻峰,蔡亲波,2016a.海南岛海风雷暴结构的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,59(1):59-78.Su T,Miao J F,Cai Q B,2016a.A numerical simulation of sea breeze thunderstorm structure over the Hainan Island[J].Chinese J Geophys,59(1):59-78.
苏涛,苗峻峰,韩芙蓉,2016b.海风雷暴的观测分析和数值模拟研究进展[J].气象科技,44(1):47-54.Su T,Miao J F,Han FR,2016b.An overview of observational and numerical studies of sea breeze thunderstorms[J].M eteor Sci Technol,44(1):47-54.
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