地形辐射效应参数化对海南岛海风环流结构和云水分布模拟的影响
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摘要
采用非静力中尺度模式WRF研究地形辐射效应参数化对海南岛2012年7月5日多云天气条件下的海风环流结构和云水分布模拟的影响,并分析了差异产生的可能原因。地形辐射效应是考虑坡地辐射强迫后,辐射与大气中的各种气体、云以及非均匀下垫面间相互反馈的累积效应。其中地形辐射效应参数化的使用使得温度的模拟更接近实际,对水汽的模拟也有一定改进能力,对风速、风向的改进效果不明显。考虑地形辐射效应后,海风的发生发展演变过程及风场的水平分布无显著变化,但局地海风以及海风对流云的位置和强度有较明显的改变。山区四周的海风环流结构和对流云的变化与坡地辐射强迫直接相关,考虑地形辐射效应后,山坡向阳面的海风有所增强,背阳面的海风减弱;向阳坡谷风减弱,背阳坡谷风增强;同时紧临海岸的山坡对海风的影响与岛上山坡对谷风的作用类似。平坦地区的海风环流和海风对流云总体上有所减弱,其变化原因比较复杂。各向海风的强度变化最终会改变海风辐合线的分布,使海风潜在降水区域发生变化。
Numerical simulation of sea breeze circulation and cloud water pattern and its response to radiation parameterization of topographic effects over the Hainan Island are examined by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The causes are also analyzed. After using radiation parameterization of topographic effects, the cumulative responses of the interaction among radiation, different kinds of gases,cloud and inhomogeneous underlying surfaces are significant. As a result, it is the radiation parameterization of topographic effects that makes the simulated surface temperature more realistic, which also improves the simulation of humidity. In the case of the wind direction and speed, however, the two simulations differed little. After employing slope irradiance parameterization, the evolution of sea breeze and horizontal distribution of wind changed inconspicuously, but the change of the intensity of local sea breeze and cloud is obvious. Besides, the variation of intensity of sea breeze circulation and cloud water pattern has direct links with slope irradiance. Slope irradiance parameterization has different effects on upslope wind and the sea breeze around the steep mountain may strengthen sea breeze and weaken upslope wind on the sunward side, whereas the opposite is true for the slope away from the sun. So the pattern and intensity of sea breeze change significantly in mountain areas. In addition, sea breeze circulation and cloud in sea breeze fronts in flat areas weaken generally for some complex reasons, and the convergence of sea breeze changes, which is the potential areas of precipitation.
Numerical simulation of sea breeze circulation and cloud water pattern and its response to radiation parameterization of topographic effects over the Hainan Island are examined by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The causes are also analyzed. After using radiation parameterization of topographic effects, the cumulative responses of the interaction among radiation, different kinds of gases,cloud and inhomogeneous underlying surfaces are significant. As a result, it is the radiation parameterization of topographic effects that makes the simulated surface temperature more realistic, which also improves the simulation of humidity. In the case of the wind direction and speed, however, the two simulations differed little. After employing slope irradiance parameterization, the evolution of sea breeze and horizontal distribution of wind changed inconspicuously, but the change of the intensity of local sea breeze and cloud is obvious. Besides, the variation of intensity of sea breeze circulation and cloud water pattern has direct links with slope irradiance. Slope irradiance parameterization has different effects on upslope wind and the sea breeze around the steep mountain may strengthen sea breeze and weaken upslope wind on the sunward side, whereas the opposite is true for the slope away from the sun. So the pattern and intensity of sea breeze change significantly in mountain areas. In addition, sea breeze circulation and cloud in sea breeze fronts in flat areas weaken generally for some complex reasons, and the convergence of sea breeze changes, which is the potential areas of precipitation.
引文
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[2]LAI Y J,CHOU M D,LIN P H.Parameterization of topographic effect on surface solar radiation[J].J Geophys Res,2010,115(D1):1104.
[3]朱新胜,张耀存.次网格地形坡度坡向参数化及其对区域气候模拟的影响[J].高原气象,2005,24(2):136-142.
[4]沈元芳,胡江林.GRAPES模式中的坡地辐射方案及其对短期天气过程模拟的影响[J].大气科学,2006,30(6):1 129-1 137.
[5]黄丹青,钱永甫.坡地坡向短波辐射参数化对不同天气过程的影响[J].气象学报,2008,66(1):90-100.
[6]M譈LLER M D,SCHERER D.A grid-and subgrid-scale radiation parameterization of topographic effects for mesoscale weather forecast models[J].Mon Wea Rev,2005,133(6):1 431-1 442.
[7]MA S P,ZHOU L B,ZOU H,et al.The role of snow/ice cover in the formation of a local Himalayan circulation[J].Meteor Atmos Phys,2013,120(1):45-51.
[8]吴蓬萍,周长春,衡志炜.青藏高原东坡地形短波辐射效应的模拟研究[J].高原山地气象研究,2014,34(3):1-9.
[9]MIAO J F,KROON L J M,VILA-GUERAU DE ARELLANO J,et al.Impacts of topography and land degradation on the sea breeze over eastern Spain[J].Meteor Atmos Phys,2003,84(3):157-170.
[10]MIAO J F,WYSER K,CHEN D,et al.Impacts of boundary layer turbulence and land surface process parameterizations on simulated sea breeze characteristics[J].Ann Geophys,2009,27(6):2 303-2 320.
[11]苗峻峰.城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的数值模拟研究进展[J].大气科学学报,2014,37(4):521-528.
[12]AZORIN-MOLINA C,TIJM S,EBERT E E,et al.High resolution HIRLAM simulations of the role of low-level sea-breeze convergence in initiating deep moist convection in the eastern Iberian Peninsula[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol,2015,154(1):81-100.
[13]汪雅,苗峻峰,谈哲敏.宁波地区海-陆下垫面差异对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟[J].气象学报,2013,71(6):1 146-1 159.
[14]易笑园,刘一玮,孙密娜,等.海风辐合线对雷暴系统触发、合并的动热力过程[J].气象,2014,40(12):1 539-1 548.
[15]刘彬贤,王彦,刘一玮.渤海湾海风锋与阵风锋碰撞形成雷暴天气的诊断特征[J].大气科学学报,2015,38(1):132-136.
[16]苏涛,苗峻峰,韩芙蓉.海风雷暴的观测分析和数值模拟研究进展[J].气象科技,2016,44(1):47-54.
[17]洪雯,王毅勇.非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究进展[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2010,2(2):155-161.
[18]张振州,蔡旭晖,宋宇,等.海南岛地区海陆风的统计分析和数值模拟研究[J].热带气象学报,2014,30(2):270-280.
[19]王静,苗峻峰,冯文.海南岛海风演变特征的观测分析[J].气象科学,2016,36(2):244-255.
[20]王语卉,苗峻峰,蔡亲波.海南岛海风三维结构的数值模拟[J].热带气象学报,2016,32(1):109-124.
[21]辛吉武,许向春,蔡杏尧.海南儋州雷暴天气气候特征分析[J].气象,2008,34(1):100-106.
[22]韩芙蓉,苗峻峰,冯文.多云天气下海南岛海风环流结构的数值模拟[J].大气科学学报,2017,40(6):778-790.
[23]李占清,翁笃鸣.一个计算山地地形参数的计算机模式[J].地理学报,1987,42(3):269-278.
[24]刘少军,张京红,何政伟,等.地形因子对海南岛台风降水分布影响的估算[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(2):196-199.
[25]MAHRER Y,PIELKE R A.The effects of topography on sea and land breezes in a two-dimensional numerical model[J].Mon Wea Rev,1977,105(9):1 151-1 162.
[26]GARNIER B J,OHMURA A.A method of calculating the direct shortwave radiation income of slopes[J].J Appl Meteorol,1968,7(7):796-800.
[27]赵柏林,张晓芸,朱元竞.中国地区云与辐射对气候的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1992,28(3):371-383.