关于齐家文化的起源——十次玉石之路考察的新认识
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摘要
中国文明起源期特有的文化现象——西玉东输,是金属资源使用前唯一的神圣性资源依赖。其核心动力为逐步传播开来的玉石神话信仰。文学人类学研究会自2014年起,在中国西部七省区组织了十余次玉帛之路田野考察,关注新发现的古代玉矿资源分布,在划定的200万平方公里的中国西部玉矿资源区中采集各种玉料标本,以玉石资源依赖和西玉东输现象为基础,聚焦史前期中原与西部玉文化的源流关系,得出对齐家文化起源的若干新认识。在七种先于齐家文化而存在的史前文化中,常山下层文化与齐家文化的源流关系最直接,而其源头则是仰韶文化庙底沟类型。两者的用玉皆以深色调的蛇纹石玉为主,已知蛇纹石玉料的主产地是渭河上游武山鸳鸯玉。它从仰韶文化时期就得到开发利用,有大地湾二期和四期出土的玉凿玉锛、天水师赵村第五期的蛇纹石玉锛、宝鸡福临堡遗址玉器和灵宝西坡墓地出土的14件玉礼器,以及镇原县出土常山下层文化玉礼器为代表。将这些先于齐家文化而出土蛇纹石玉器的地点串联起来,玉石之路渭河道就清楚地呈现出来。随后齐家文化登场,将西部玉矿资源区逐渐向西拓展扩大,形成史前西部玉文化发展的高峰,将马衔山玉、祁连山玉、马鬃山玉乃至新疆和田玉等渐次发现,并生成玉石之路的路网,奠定商周秦汉用玉资源。
Transport jade in the western China to eastern parts, the unique cultural phenomenon in the origin of Chinese civilization, is the only sacred resource dependence before the use of metal resources. Its core driving force is the jade myth belief that is gradually spread. Since 2014, the Research Institute of Literary Anthropology has organized more than ten times of field trips in the seven provinces of western China, focusing on the newly discovered ancient jade resources, and drawing a total of 2 million square kilometers of western jade in China. Based on the jade resource dependence and the phenomenon of transporting jade in the western China to eastern China, various jade specimens were collected. It focused on the relationship between the prehistoric Central Plains culture and the western jade culture in China, and therefore some new understandings of the origin of the Qijia culture were obtained. Among the seven prehistoric cultures that existed before Qijia culture, Changshan xiaceng culture has the most direct relationship with Qijia Culture while and the source is the Yangshao culture Miaodigou type. The jade used in both culture is mainly dark-colored serpentine jade and its main producing area is Yuanyangyu, Wushan, located in the upper reaches of the Wei River. It was developed and utilized from Yangshao culture and its representatives including Yuzao(unearthed in the Dadiwan phase 1), Yuben(unearthed in the Dadiwan phase 4), the serpentine jade(unearthed in the fifth phase of the Tianshuishi zhaocun), the jade ware(unearthed in the Baoji fulinbao Site), 14 jade wares unearthed in Lingbao xipo site and the jade ritual ware of Changshan xiaceng culture(unearthed in Zhenyuan County). One branch of the Jade Road, the Wei River branch was clearly presented after connecting the locations of serpentine jade which existed before Qijia culture. Afterwards, Qijia Culture debuted and gradually expanded the western jade and mine resource area to the west, forming the peak of the development of prehistoric western jade culture. Therefore, Maxianshan jade,Qilianshan jade, Macongshan jade and even Xinjiang hetian jade were discovered and the routines of Jade Road was generated, laying the jade resources for the Shang and Qin Dynasties.
Transport jade in the western China to eastern parts, the unique cultural phenomenon in the origin of Chinese civilization, is the only sacred resource dependence before the use of metal resources. Its core driving force is the jade myth belief that is gradually spread. Since 2014, the Research Institute of Literary Anthropology has organized more than ten times of field trips in the seven provinces of western China, focusing on the newly discovered ancient jade resources, and drawing a total of 2 million square kilometers of western jade in China. Based on the jade resource dependence and the phenomenon of transporting jade in the western China to eastern China, various jade specimens were collected. It focused on the relationship between the prehistoric Central Plains culture and the western jade culture in China, and therefore some new understandings of the origin of the Qijia culture were obtained. Among the seven prehistoric cultures that existed before Qijia culture, Changshan xiaceng culture has the most direct relationship with Qijia Culture while and the source is the Yangshao culture Miaodigou type. The jade used in both culture is mainly dark-colored serpentine jade and its main producing area is Yuanyangyu, Wushan, located in the upper reaches of the Wei River. It was developed and utilized from Yangshao culture and its representatives including Yuzao(unearthed in the Dadiwan phase 1), Yuben(unearthed in the Dadiwan phase 4), the serpentine jade(unearthed in the fifth phase of the Tianshuishi zhaocun), the jade ware(unearthed in the Baoji fulinbao Site), 14 jade wares unearthed in Lingbao xipo site and the jade ritual ware of Changshan xiaceng culture(unearthed in Zhenyuan County). One branch of the Jade Road, the Wei River branch was clearly presented after connecting the locations of serpentine jade which existed before Qijia culture. Afterwards, Qijia Culture debuted and gradually expanded the western jade and mine resource area to the west, forming the peak of the development of prehistoric western jade culture. Therefore, Maxianshan jade,Qilianshan jade, Macongshan jade and even Xinjiang hetian jade were discovered and the routines of Jade Road was generated, laying the jade resources for the Shang and Qin Dynasties.
引文
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(18)甘肃省考古研究所等:《西汉水上游考古调查报告》,文物出版社2008年版,第273页。
(19)古方:《甘肃临洮马衔山玉矿调查》,参见叶舒宪、古方主编:《玉成中国:玉石之路与玉兵海外探源》,中华书局2015年版,第72-79页。
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(23)叶舒宪:《玉石之路黄河道再探--山西兴县碧村小玉梁史前玉器调查》,《民族艺术》2014年第5期。
(2)梁星彭:《黄河中上游史前、商周考古论文集》,社会科学文献出版社2015年版,第118页。
(3)中国社会科学院考古研究所等:《灵宝西坡墓地》,文物出版社2010年版,图版二二。
(4)中国社会科学院考古研究所等:《灵宝西坡墓地》,文物出版社2010年版,图版九四。
(5)中国社会科学院考古研究所等:《灵宝西坡墓地》,文物出版社2010年版,图版八九。
(6)中国社会科学院考古研究所等:《灵宝西坡墓地》,文物出版社2010年版,第32-113页。
(7)叶舒宪:《武山鸳鸯玉的前世今生--第十次玉帛之路渭河道考察札记》,《百色学院学报》2016年第5期。
(8)甘肃省考古研究所等:《西汉水上游考古调查报告》,文物出版社2008年版,第269页。
(9)甘肃省考古研究所等:《西汉水上游考古调查报告》,文物出版社2008年版,第270页。
(10)甘肃省考古研究所等:《西汉水上游考古调查报告》,文物出版社2008年版,第272页。
(11)甘肃省考古研究所等:《西汉水上游考古调查报告》,文物出版社2008年版,第273页。
(12)西北大学文博学院考古专业编:《扶风案板遗址发掘报告》,科学出版社2000年版。
(13)中国社会科学院考古研究所编著:《师赵村与西山坪》,中国大百科全书出版社1999年版,第253页。
(14)中国社会科学院考古研究所编著:《师赵村与西山坪》,中国大百科全书出版社1999年版,第306页。
(15)甘肃省文物考古研究所:《秦安大地湾》,文物出版社2006年版,彩版四〇。
(16)郎树德、许永杰、水涛:《试论大地湾仰韶晚期遗存》,《文物》1983年第11期。
(17)西北大学文博学院考古专业:《扶风案板遗址发掘报告》,科学出版社2000年版,第269页。
(18)甘肃省考古研究所等:《西汉水上游考古调查报告》,文物出版社2008年版,第273页。
(19)古方:《甘肃临洮马衔山玉矿调查》,参见叶舒宪、古方主编:《玉成中国:玉石之路与玉兵海外探源》,中华书局2015年版,第72-79页。
(20)《丝绸之路》2013年第11期收入拙著《玉石之路踏查记》,甘肃人民出版社2015年版,第26-35页。
(21)叶舒宪:《<山海经>与白玉崇拜的起源》,《民族艺术》2014年第6期。叶舒宪:《从玉教说到玉教新教革命说:华夏文明起源的神话动力学解释理论》,《民族艺术》2016年第1期。
(22)王玉哲:《中华民族早期源流》,天津古籍出版社2010年版,第165页。
(23)叶舒宪:《玉石之路黄河道再探--山西兴县碧村小玉梁史前玉器调查》,《民族艺术》2014年第5期。