芥菜浸提液对豇豆连作土壤性质及幼苗生理指标的影响
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摘要
为探究芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子发芽和连作下豇豆早期幼苗生长影响的生理机制,在盆栽条件下,研究不同浓度(0、10、20、40 g·L~(-1))的芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子萌发及5年连作条件下豇豆幼苗生长指标、根系形态指标、叶片保护酶活性和土壤性质的影响。结果表明,高浓度(40 g·L~(-1))芥菜浸提液对种子萌发和胚根生长有强烈的抑制作用,其中发芽率、活力指数、胚根长度和数量分别显著降低85. 70%、82. 66%、36. 15%和46. 54%;而低浓度(10 g·L~(-1))芥菜浸提液对种子胚根生长有显著的促进作用,其中胚根长度和数量分别显著提高44. 84%和80. 82%。豇豆连作土壤浇灌芥菜水浸提液可不同程度地增加豇豆幼苗株高、茎粗、干质量、鲜质量和壮苗指数,在低浓度处理下豇豆生长指标分别显著增加60. 33%、12. 24%、85. 87%、77. 31%和50. 82%;此外,豇豆幼苗根长度、根系表面积、根体积、根尖数等根系指标也均有不同程度地增加,其中以低浓度浸提液处理下的豇豆幼苗综合指标最好。芥菜浸提液处理还能促进幼苗叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)含量升高、以及抗氧化酶活性的提升,其中H2O2含量,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性均随着芥菜浸提液浓度的增加而降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则相反,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性未表现出明显的规律;芥菜浸提液还可以提高土壤pH值,降低土壤电导率,以及提高土壤酶活性,其中蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随着芥菜浸提液浓度的增加而升高。综上所述,不同浓度芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子萌发起着低促高抑的作用,芥菜与豇豆之间存在明显的化感作用;芥菜浸提液可通过提高豇豆幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和改善豇豆根系环境,促进豇豆幼苗生长,缓解连作障碍对豇豆幼苗的危害,从而提高豇豆幼苗的抗逆能力。本研究结果为缓解豇豆连作障碍提供了新的途径。
To explore physiological mechanism of the influence of the aqueous extract of mustard on seed germination and early seedling growth of continuous cropping cowpea,pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of aqueous extract of mustard with different concentrations( 0,10,20,40 g·L~(-1)) on cowpea seed germination and cowpea seedling growth indexes,indexes of root morphology,protective enzyme activities of leaf and soil properties under the condition of five-year continuous cropping. Results showed that the high concentration( 40 g·L~(-1)) of aqueous extract of mustard had strong inhibition on seed germination and radicle growth,and germination rate,vigor index,radicle length and the number of radicle decreased by 85. 70%,82. 66%,36. 15% and 46. 54%,respectively. However,low concentration( 10 g·L~(-1)) of aqueous extract of mustard significantly promoted the growth of seed radicle,and the radicle length and the number of radicle increased by 44. 84% and 80. 82%,respectively. Cowpea seedling height,stem diameter,dry weight,fresh weight and strong seedling index could be significantly increased by watering continuous cowpea cropping soil with aqueous extract of mustard,and those growth indexes under the lower concentration were increased by60. 33%,12. 24%,85. 87%,77. 31% and 50. 82%,respectively. In addition,root morphology indexes of cowpea seedling such as root length,root surface area,root volume and the number of root tip were also improved to varying degrees. The comprehensive index of cowpea seedlings under the treatment of low concentration aqueous extract of mustard was the best. The treatment of aqueous extract of mustard could promote the explosion of hydrogen peroxide( H2 O2) and promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of the seedlings. The content of hydrogen peroxide,catalase( CAT), superoxide dismutase( SOD), and dehydroascorbate reductase( DHAR) activities decreased and peroxidase( POD) activity increased with the concentration of aqueous extract of mustard growing,while glutathione reductase( GR) activity without obvious regularity. Meanwhile,the aqueous extract of mustard also increased soil p H and decreased soil electrical conductivity,and increased soil enzyme activities. Sucrose and acid phosphatase activities increased with increasing of the concentration. To sum up,extracts with low concentration improved the seed germination of cowpea but inhibited by high concentration of extracts,and significant allelopathic effect were found between mustard and cowpea. The aqueous extract of mustard promoted the cowpea seedling growth and alleviated the harm of continuous cropping of cowpea seedling,so as to improve the ability to resist continuous cropping of cowpea seedling through improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes of cowpea seedling and improving the cowpea root environment. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for studying mechanism of the effect of mustard leaching solution on the hazard of cowpea.
To explore physiological mechanism of the influence of the aqueous extract of mustard on seed germination and early seedling growth of continuous cropping cowpea,pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of aqueous extract of mustard with different concentrations( 0,10,20,40 g·L~(-1)) on cowpea seed germination and cowpea seedling growth indexes,indexes of root morphology,protective enzyme activities of leaf and soil properties under the condition of five-year continuous cropping. Results showed that the high concentration( 40 g·L~(-1)) of aqueous extract of mustard had strong inhibition on seed germination and radicle growth,and germination rate,vigor index,radicle length and the number of radicle decreased by 85. 70%,82. 66%,36. 15% and 46. 54%,respectively. However,low concentration( 10 g·L~(-1)) of aqueous extract of mustard significantly promoted the growth of seed radicle,and the radicle length and the number of radicle increased by 44. 84% and 80. 82%,respectively. Cowpea seedling height,stem diameter,dry weight,fresh weight and strong seedling index could be significantly increased by watering continuous cowpea cropping soil with aqueous extract of mustard,and those growth indexes under the lower concentration were increased by60. 33%,12. 24%,85. 87%,77. 31% and 50. 82%,respectively. In addition,root morphology indexes of cowpea seedling such as root length,root surface area,root volume and the number of root tip were also improved to varying degrees. The comprehensive index of cowpea seedlings under the treatment of low concentration aqueous extract of mustard was the best. The treatment of aqueous extract of mustard could promote the explosion of hydrogen peroxide( H2 O2) and promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of the seedlings. The content of hydrogen peroxide,catalase( CAT), superoxide dismutase( SOD), and dehydroascorbate reductase( DHAR) activities decreased and peroxidase( POD) activity increased with the concentration of aqueous extract of mustard growing,while glutathione reductase( GR) activity without obvious regularity. Meanwhile,the aqueous extract of mustard also increased soil p H and decreased soil electrical conductivity,and increased soil enzyme activities. Sucrose and acid phosphatase activities increased with increasing of the concentration. To sum up,extracts with low concentration improved the seed germination of cowpea but inhibited by high concentration of extracts,and significant allelopathic effect were found between mustard and cowpea. The aqueous extract of mustard promoted the cowpea seedling growth and alleviated the harm of continuous cropping of cowpea seedling,so as to improve the ability to resist continuous cropping of cowpea seedling through improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes of cowpea seedling and improving the cowpea root environment. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for studying mechanism of the effect of mustard leaching solution on the hazard of cowpea.
引文
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[2] Bais H P,Vepachedu R,Gilroy S,Callaway R M,Vivanco. J M.Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion:from molecules and genes tospecies interactions[J]. Science,2003,301(5638):1377-1380
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[4] Yang R P,Mo Y L,Liu C M,Wang Y Q,Ma J X,Zhang Y,LiH,Zhang X. The effects of cattle manure and garlic rotation on soilunder continuous cropping of watermelon(Citrullus lanatus L.)[J].PLoS One,2016,11(6):e0156515
[5] Gao D,Zhou X,Duan Y,Fu X,Wu F. Wheat cover crop promotedcucumber seedling growth through regulating soil nutrient resourcesor soil microbial communities?[J]. Plant&Soil,2017,419(1/2):1-17
[6] Fu X,Wu X,Zhou X,Liu S,Shen Y,Wu F. Companion croppingwith potato onion enhances the disease resistance of tomato againstVerticillium dahliae[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2015,6(1):726
[7]吴林坤,林向民,林文雄.根系分泌物介导下植物-土壤-微生物互作关系研究进展与展望[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(3):298-310
[8]张江红,彭福田,蒋晓梅,李民吉,王中堂.桃树枝条还田对土壤自毒物质、微生物及植株生长的影响[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(2):140-150
[9] Makoi J H J R,Chimphango S B M,Dakora F D. Elevated levels ofacid and alkaline phosphatase activity in roots and rhizosphere ofcowpea(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)genotypes grown in mixedculture and at different densities with sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)[J]. Crop&Pasture Science,2010,61(4):279-286
[10]董淑琦,原向阳,温银元,郭平毅,胡春艳,聂磊云,吕亚楠.谷子秸秆水浸提液对玉米苗期生长的化感作用研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(8):35-42
[11] Wang Q J,Ma Y,Wang G F,Gu Z G,Sun D,An X,Chang Z Z.Integration of biofumigation with antagonistic microorganism cancontrol phytophthora blight of pepper plants by regulating soilbacterial community structure[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,61(5):58-67
[12] Mowlick S,Yasukawa H,Inoue T,Takehara T,Kaku N,Ueki K,Ueki A. Suppression of spinach wilt disease by biological soildisinfestation incorporated with Brassica juncea plants in associationwith changes in soil bacterial communities[J]. Crop Protection,2013,54(54):185-193
[13]刘昕昕.不同芥菜生物熏蒸对设施连作黄瓜土壤微生物多样性影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013
[14] Williamson G B,Richardson D. Bioassays for allelopathy:measuringtreatment responses with independent controls[J]. Journal ofChemical Ecology,1988,14(1):181-187
[15]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986
[16] CakmakⅠ,Marschner H. Magnesium deficiency and high lightintensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbateperoxidase,and glutathione reductase in bean leaves[J]. PlantPhysiology,1992,98(4):1222
[17] Stewart R R, Bewley J D. Lipid peroxidation associated withaccelerated aging of soybean axes[J]. Plant Physiology,1980,65(2):245-248
[18] Foyer C H,Halliwell B. The presence of glutathione and glutathionereductase in chloroplasts:a proposed role in ascorbic acidmetabolism[J]. Planta,1976,133(1):21-25
[19] Nakano Y,Asada K. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts[J]. Plant&CellPhysiology,1981,22(5):867-880
[20] Ghareib H R A,Abdelhamed M S,Ibrahim O H. Antioxidativeeffects of the acetone fraction and vanillic acid from Chenopodiummurale on tomato plants[J]. Weed Biology&Management,2010,10(1):64-72
[21]张国伟,刘瑞显,杨长琴,杨富强.棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(4):555-562
[22] Gomaa N H,Abdelgawad H R. Phytotoxic effects of Echinochloacolona L. link.(Poaceae)extracts on the germination and seedlinggrowth of weeds[J]. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,2012,10(2):492
[23] You L X,Wang P,Kong C H. The levels of jasmonic acid andsalicylic acid in a rice-barnyardgrass coexistence system and theirrelation to rice allelochemicals[J]. Biochemical Systematics&Ecology,2011,39(4/5/6):491-497
[24] Muscolo A,Panuccio M R,Sidari M. The effect of phenols onrespiratory enzymes in seed germination[J]. Plant GrowthRegulation,2001,35(1):31-35
[25]宋松泉,程红焱,龙春林.种子生物学研究指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
[26]史冬冬,裴红宾,张永清,常凯丽,秦成.红小豆不同组织及根际土壤水浸提液对小麦幼苗生长的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(1):19-25
[27]赵莉莉,杨途熙,魏安智,司守霞,冯世静.花椒叶浸提液对4种牧草种子的化感作用[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(2):150-154
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