我国栎类经营及其发展方向研究
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摘要
栎类树种是我国天然林中的重要树种,栎类林占全国森林资源总面积和天然林总蓄积约10%,在我国森林资源中占有十分重要地位,栎类林经营的好坏直接关乎我国整体森林资源质量的提高。为此,需要探讨我国栎类林经营所面临的经营理念、可持续和多功能等诸多问题。本文的分析表明,栎类林的经营应以问题为导向,围绕"五个面向"展开,即面向栎类广域的分布性施行分类经营;面向栎类林用途的多样性,提倡可持续经营;面向栎类树种的生物学特性,坚持长周期经营;面向栎类林分状态的多样性,开展多路径适应性经营;面向栎类林地的退化,聚焦生态恢复。同时,探讨巢式造林、目标树经营和结构化经营等栎类经营策略,为扩大栎类森林资源、实现栎类森林的可持续经营提供理论支持。
Forest management is the eternal theme of forestry development.As an important tree species group in natural forests in China,oak forest accounts for about 10% of the total area of forest resources and the total volume of natural forests,with its presence in almost all over the country.Oak forest management plays a key role in the quality improvement of the forest resources in China.In view of the problems in management concept,sustainability and multi-function in China,this paper points out that the oak forest management should be problem oriented, and further developed in the principle of "five orientations", i.e. classifying managements on the basis of the wide distribution of oak in different regions; promoting sustainable management in view of the diverse uses of oak forest;sticking to long management period,considering its biological characteristics; implementing multi-path adaptive management to adapt to diversified statuses of oak forest stand; and focusing on ecological restoration to address the degradation.This paper also discusses the oak management strategies,such as nested afforestation,target tree management and structure-based management, trying to solve some of the problems in oak management,and provides a theoretical support for the growth of oak resources and the sustainable management of oak forests.
Forest management is the eternal theme of forestry development.As an important tree species group in natural forests in China,oak forest accounts for about 10% of the total area of forest resources and the total volume of natural forests,with its presence in almost all over the country.Oak forest management plays a key role in the quality improvement of the forest resources in China.In view of the problems in management concept,sustainability and multi-function in China,this paper points out that the oak forest management should be problem oriented, and further developed in the principle of "five orientations", i.e. classifying managements on the basis of the wide distribution of oak in different regions; promoting sustainable management in view of the diverse uses of oak forest;sticking to long management period,considering its biological characteristics; implementing multi-path adaptive management to adapt to diversified statuses of oak forest stand; and focusing on ecological restoration to address the degradation.This paper also discusses the oak management strategies,such as nested afforestation,target tree management and structure-based management, trying to solve some of the problems in oak management,and provides a theoretical support for the growth of oak resources and the sustainable management of oak forests.
引文
[1]第八次全国森林资源清查主要结果(2009-2013年)[R],中国林业网,http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/65/content-659670.html
[2]王卫斌,张劲峰,杨德军.云南森林及近自然森林经营关键技术应用[J].西部林业科学,2018,47(6):1-6.
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[5]殷鸣放,刘清田,崔文山,等.辽宁栎林资源状况及其保护利用构想[J].林业资源管理,2003(6):19-22.
[6]谢晋阳,陈灵芝.暖温带落叶阔叶林的物种多样性特征[J].生态学报,1994,14(4):337-344.
[7]高贤明,陈灵芝.北京山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落物种多样性的研究[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(1):23-32.
[8]侯元兆,陈幸良,孙国吉.栎类经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017.
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[10]张晓红,张会儒,卢军,等.美国目标树经营体系及其经营效果研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2016(1):91-96.
[11]陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.基于目标树经营的抚育采伐对云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(5):718-726.
[12]冯琦雅,陈超凡,覃林,等.不同经营模式对蒙古栎天然次生林林分结构和植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2018(1):12-21.
[13]Johnson P S,Shifley S R,Rogers R.The ecology and silviculture of oaks[M].New York: CABI Publishing,2002.
[14]Saha S,Kuehne C,Bauhus J.Lessons learned from oak cluster planting trials in central Europe[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2017,47:139-148.
[15]Skiadaresis G,Saha S,Bauhus J.Oak group planting produces a higher number of future crop trees,with better spatial distribution than row planting[J].Forests,2016,7(11): 289-304.
[16]Saha S.Kuehne C,Bauhus J.Tree Species Richness and Stand Productivity in Low-Density Cluster Plantings with Oaks(Quercus robur L.and Q.petraea(Mattuschka)Liebl.)[J].Forests,2013,4:650-665.
[17]惠刚盈,Klaus von Gadow.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.
[18]惠刚盈,赵中华,胡艳波,等.我国西北主要天然林经营模式设计[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(2):155-161.
[19]刘文桢,赵中华,胡艳波,等.小陇山栎类混交林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2015.
[20]Abetz P,u Kl■dtke J.Die Df-2000-eine Entscheidungshilfe für Durchforstungen[J].AFZ/Der Wald,2000,9: 454-455.
[21]Kl■dtke J.Konstruktion einer Z-Baum-Ertragstafel am Beispiel der Fichte[D].Freiburg: Universit■t Freiburg,1992.
[22]惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.结构化森林经营研究进展[J].林业科学研究,2018(1):85-93.
[23]Wenk G,Antanaitis V,Smelko S.Waldertragslehre[M].Berlin: Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag Berlin,1990:448.
[2]王卫斌,张劲峰,杨德军.云南森林及近自然森林经营关键技术应用[J].西部林业科学,2018,47(6):1-6.
[3]中国森林编辑委员会.中国森林(第三卷)阔叶林[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
[4]甄学渊,张文辉,郭敏,等.陕南秦巴山区栎类资源消长分析[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(6):39-45.
[5]殷鸣放,刘清田,崔文山,等.辽宁栎林资源状况及其保护利用构想[J].林业资源管理,2003(6):19-22.
[6]谢晋阳,陈灵芝.暖温带落叶阔叶林的物种多样性特征[J].生态学报,1994,14(4):337-344.
[7]高贤明,陈灵芝.北京山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落物种多样性的研究[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(1):23-32.
[8]侯元兆,陈幸良,孙国吉.栎类经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017.
[9]惠刚盈,Klaus von Gadow.结构化森林经营原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016.
[10]张晓红,张会儒,卢军,等.美国目标树经营体系及其经营效果研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2016(1):91-96.
[11]陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.基于目标树经营的抚育采伐对云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(5):718-726.
[12]冯琦雅,陈超凡,覃林,等.不同经营模式对蒙古栎天然次生林林分结构和植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2018(1):12-21.
[13]Johnson P S,Shifley S R,Rogers R.The ecology and silviculture of oaks[M].New York: CABI Publishing,2002.
[14]Saha S,Kuehne C,Bauhus J.Lessons learned from oak cluster planting trials in central Europe[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2017,47:139-148.
[15]Skiadaresis G,Saha S,Bauhus J.Oak group planting produces a higher number of future crop trees,with better spatial distribution than row planting[J].Forests,2016,7(11): 289-304.
[16]Saha S.Kuehne C,Bauhus J.Tree Species Richness and Stand Productivity in Low-Density Cluster Plantings with Oaks(Quercus robur L.and Q.petraea(Mattuschka)Liebl.)[J].Forests,2013,4:650-665.
[17]惠刚盈,Klaus von Gadow.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.
[18]惠刚盈,赵中华,胡艳波,等.我国西北主要天然林经营模式设计[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(2):155-161.
[19]刘文桢,赵中华,胡艳波,等.小陇山栎类混交林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2015.
[20]Abetz P,u Kl■dtke J.Die Df-2000-eine Entscheidungshilfe für Durchforstungen[J].AFZ/Der Wald,2000,9: 454-455.
[21]Kl■dtke J.Konstruktion einer Z-Baum-Ertragstafel am Beispiel der Fichte[D].Freiburg: Universit■t Freiburg,1992.
[22]惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.结构化森林经营研究进展[J].林业科学研究,2018(1):85-93.
[23]Wenk G,Antanaitis V,Smelko S.Waldertragslehre[M].Berlin: Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag Berlin,1990:448.