非常规油气开发中润湿性反转技术的应用
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摘要
研究了适用于非常规油气储集层的岩石润湿性测量方法,总结了非常规油气储集层岩石润湿性特征,分析了非常规油气储集层岩石润湿性反转技术的应用情况,并介绍了研究表面活性剂与非常规油气储集层岩石润湿性间关系的实验方法。研究表明:接触角法、核磁共振法和Zeta电位测量法是评估非常规油气储集层岩石润湿性最恰当的方法,非常规油气储集层呈现出中性润湿到油湿的混合润湿特性。润湿性反转技术在非常规油气储集层中的应用目前仅限于添加表面活性剂。在压裂液中加入表面活性剂可改变非常规油气储集层岩石润湿性从而提高原油采收率。借助稳定性实验、润湿性反转评估实验、界面张力实验、自吸实验、压吸实验和吸附实验等可评估表面活性剂改变润湿性及提高采收率的效率。
This study investigates the wettability measurement methods suitable for unconventional reservoirs,summarizes the wettability characteristics of unconventional reservoir rocks,overviews the current state-of-the-art applications of wettability alteration in unconventional liquid resources,and recommends experimental procedures for evaluating effects of surfactants on wettability in unconventional liquid resources.Contact angle determination,NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) method and Zeta potential measurement are the most appropriate means to estimate wettability in unconventional reservoirs.Unconventional reservoirs exhibit mixed wettability from intermediate-wet to oil-wet.To this date,surfactants are the only ones experimentally reported on applications of wettability alteration in unconventional liquid resources.Altering wettability in unconventional liquid resources as an improved oil recovery method can be reached by adding surfactants to fracturing fluids.Stability test,wettability alteration experiment,interfacial tension experiment,spontaneous imbibition experiment,forced imbibition experiment and adsorption experiment can be used when evaluating the efficiency of surfactants in altering wettability and recovering hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs.
This study investigates the wettability measurement methods suitable for unconventional reservoirs,summarizes the wettability characteristics of unconventional reservoir rocks,overviews the current state-of-the-art applications of wettability alteration in unconventional liquid resources,and recommends experimental procedures for evaluating effects of surfactants on wettability in unconventional liquid resources.Contact angle determination,NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) method and Zeta potential measurement are the most appropriate means to estimate wettability in unconventional reservoirs.Unconventional reservoirs exhibit mixed wettability from intermediate-wet to oil-wet.To this date,surfactants are the only ones experimentally reported on applications of wettability alteration in unconventional liquid resources.Altering wettability in unconventional liquid resources as an improved oil recovery method can be reached by adding surfactants to fracturing fluids.Stability test,wettability alteration experiment,interfacial tension experiment,spontaneous imbibition experiment,forced imbibition experiment and adsorption experiment can be used when evaluating the efficiency of surfactants in altering wettability and recovering hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs.
引文
[1]DOMAN L.U.S.remained world’s largest producer of petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons in 2014[EB/OL].[2015-09-01].http://www.oilvoice.com/n/US-remained-worlds-largest-producer-of-petroleumand-natural-gas-hydrocarbons-in-2014/a763cec65a26.aspx.
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[3]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 1:Shale-gas resource systems[M]//BREYER J A.AAPG memoir 97.Washington:AAPG,2012:69-87.
[4]CRAIG F F.The reservoir engineering aspects of waterflooding[C]//SPE Monograph Series.Richardson,TX:SPE,1971.
[5]ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey:Part 1:Rock/oil/brine interactions and the effects of core handling on wettability[J].National Municipal Review,1986,38(10):1125-1144.
[6]ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey:Part 2:Wettability measurement[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1986,38(11):1246-1262.
[7]WANG D,SERIGHT R,ZHANG J.Wettability survey in Bakken shale with surfactant-formulation imbibition[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2013,15(6):695-705.
[8]ALVAREZ J O,SCHECHTER D S.Altering wettability in Bakken shale by surfactant additives and potential of improving oil recovery during injection of completion fluids[R].SPE 179688-MS,2016.
[9]XIE Q,LIU Y,WU J,et al.Ions tuning water flooding experiments and interpretation by thermodynamics of wettability[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2014,124:350-358.
[10]ADIBHATLA B,MOHANTY K.Oil recovery from fractured carbonates by surfactant-aided gravity drainage:Laboratory experiments and mechanistic simulations[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2008,11(1):119-130.
[11]GUPTA R,MOHANTY K K.Wettability alteration mechanism for oil recovery from fractured carbonate rocks[J].Transport in Porous Media,2011,87(2):635-652.
[12]SALEHI M,JOHNSON S J,LIANG J T.Mechanistic study of wettability alteration using surfactants with applications in naturally fractured reservoirs[J].Langmuir the Acs Journal of Surfaces&Colloids,2008,24(24):212.
[13]KUMAR K,DAO E,MOHANTY K.Atomic force microscopy study of wettability alteration by surfactants[J].SPE Journal,2008,13(13):137-145.
[14]任妍君,蒋官澄,郑杜建,等.聚氧乙烯脂肪胺乳状液性能:不同p H值清洗条件下对硅酸盐岩储集层润湿性、渗透性的影响[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(1):125-128.REN Yanjun,JIANG Guancheng,ZHENG Dujian,et al.Characteristics of ethoxylated fatty amine emulsion:Effects on the wettability and permeability of silicate formation under various p H conditions[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(1):125-128.
[15]HIRASAKI G,ZHANG D L.Surface chemistry of oil recovery from fractured,oil-wet,carbonate formation[J].SPE Journal,2004,9(2):151-162.
[16]STANDNES D C,AUSTAD T.Wettability alteration in chalk:2.Mechanism for wettability alteration from oil-wet to water-wet using surfactants[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2000,28(3):123-143.
[17]MIRCHI V,SARAJI S,GOUAL L,et al.Dynamic interfacial tensions and contact angles of surfactant-in-brine/oil/shale systems:Implications to enhanced oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs[R].SPE169171-MS,2014.
[18]NGUYEN D,WANG D,OLADAPO A,et al.Evaluation of surfactants for oil recovery potential in shale reservoirs[R].SPE169085-MS,2014.
[19]FENG L,XU L.Implications of shale oil compositions on surfactant efficacy for wettability alteration[J].Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow&Metabolism,2015,17(3):316-330.
[20]ALVAREZ J O,SCHECHTER D S.Wettability alteration and spontaneous imbibition in unconventional liquid reservoirs by surfactant additives[R].SPE 177057-MS,2015.
[21]WANG D,ZHANG J,BUTLER R,et al.Scaling laboratory data surfactant imbibition rates to the field in fractured shale formations[R].SPE 178489-PA,2015.
[22]HANDWERGER D A,KELLER J,VAUGHN K.Improved petrophysical core measurements on tight shale reservoirs using retort and crushed samples[R].SPE 147456-MS,2011.
[23]ODUSINA E O,SONDERGELD C H,RAI C S.An NMR study of shale wettability[R].SPE 147371-MS,2011.
[24]BASU S,SHARMA M M.Characterization of mixed-wettability states in oil reservoirs by atomic force microscopy[J].SPE Journal,2013,2(4):427-435.
[25]KOLASINSKI K W.Surface science:Foundations of catalysis and nanoscience[M].3rd ed.Chichester,UK:John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2012:229-266.
[26]WANG W,GUPTA A.Investigation of the effect of temperature and pressure on wettability using modified pendant drop method[R].SPE30544-MS,1995.
[27]RAJAYI M,KANTZAS A.Effect of temperature and pressure on contact angle and interfacial tension of quartz/water/bitumen systems[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2011,50(6):61-67.
[28]HIRASAKI G J.Wettability:Fundamentals and surface forces[J].SPE Formation Evaluation,1991,6(2):217-226.
[29]HANSENA G,HAMOUDA A A,DENOYELB R.The effect of pressure on contact angles and wettability in the mica/water/n-decane system and the calcite+stearic acid/water/n-decane system[J].Colloids&Surfaces A Physicochemical&Engineering Aspects,2000,172(1):7-16.
[30]CUIEC L.Rock/crude-oil interactions and wettability:An attempt to understand their interrelation[R].SPE 13211,1984.
[31]TREIBER L E,OWENS W W.A laboratory evaluation of the wettability of fifty oil-producing reservoirs[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1972,12(6):531-540.
[32]CHILINGAR G V,YEN T F.Some notes on wettability and relative permeabilities of carbonate reservoir rocks,Ⅱ[J].Energy Sources,1983,7(1):67-75.
[33]DOWNS H H,HOOVER P D.Enhanced oil recovery by wettability alteration[C]//ACS Symposium Series.New York:American Chemical Society,1989:577-595.
[34]BUCKLEY J S,LIU Y,MONSTERLEET S.Mechanisms of wetting alteration by crude oils[J].SPE Journal,1998,3(1):54-61.
[35]STANDNES D C,AUSTAD T.Wettability alteration in chalk:1.Preparation of core material and oil properties[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2000,28(3):111-121.
[36]SHULER P J,TANG H,LU Z,et al.Chemical process for improved oil recovery from Bakken shale[R].SPE 147531-MS,2011.
[37]KATHEL P,MOHANTY K K.EOR in tight oil reservoirs through wettability alteration[R].SPE 166281-MS,2013.
[38]ALVAREZ J O,NEOG A,JAIS A,et al.Impact of surfactants for wettability alteration in stimulation fluids and the potential for surfactant EOR in unconventional liquid reservoirs[R].SPE169001-MS,2014.
[39]MIRCHI V,SARAJI S,GOUAL L,et al.Experimental investigation of surfactant flooding in shale oil reservoirs:Dynamic interfacial tension,adsorption,and wettability[R].URTe C 1913287,2014.
[40]WANG Y,XU H,YU W,et al.Surfactant induced reservoir wettability alteration:Recent theoretical and experimental advances in enhanced oil recovery[J].Petroleum Science,2011,8(4):463-476.
[41]DAKE L P.Fundamentals of reservior engineering[M].Oxford,UK:ELSEVIER,1978.
[42]SCHECHTER D S,ZHOU D,ORR F M.Low IFT drainage and imbibition[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,1994,11(4):283-300.
[43]ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey:Part 4:Effects of wettability on capillary pressure[J].J.Pet.Technol.,1987,39(10):1283-1300.
[44]RAO D.Wettability effects in thermal recovery operations[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,1999,2(5):420-430.
[45]XU L,FU Q.Ensuring better well stimulation in unconventional oil and gas formations by optimizing surfactant additives[R].SPE154242-MS,2012.
[46]TOVAR F D,EIDE O,GRAUE A,et al.Experimental investigation of enhanced recovery in unconventional liquid reservoirs using CO2:A look ahead to the future of unconventional EOR[R].SPE169022-MS,2014.
[2]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 2:Shale-oil resource systems[M]//BREYER J A.AAPG memoir 97.Washington:AAPG,2012:89-119.
[3]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 1:Shale-gas resource systems[M]//BREYER J A.AAPG memoir 97.Washington:AAPG,2012:69-87.
[4]CRAIG F F.The reservoir engineering aspects of waterflooding[C]//SPE Monograph Series.Richardson,TX:SPE,1971.
[5]ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey:Part 1:Rock/oil/brine interactions and the effects of core handling on wettability[J].National Municipal Review,1986,38(10):1125-1144.
[6]ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey:Part 2:Wettability measurement[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1986,38(11):1246-1262.
[7]WANG D,SERIGHT R,ZHANG J.Wettability survey in Bakken shale with surfactant-formulation imbibition[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2013,15(6):695-705.
[8]ALVAREZ J O,SCHECHTER D S.Altering wettability in Bakken shale by surfactant additives and potential of improving oil recovery during injection of completion fluids[R].SPE 179688-MS,2016.
[9]XIE Q,LIU Y,WU J,et al.Ions tuning water flooding experiments and interpretation by thermodynamics of wettability[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2014,124:350-358.
[10]ADIBHATLA B,MOHANTY K.Oil recovery from fractured carbonates by surfactant-aided gravity drainage:Laboratory experiments and mechanistic simulations[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2008,11(1):119-130.
[11]GUPTA R,MOHANTY K K.Wettability alteration mechanism for oil recovery from fractured carbonate rocks[J].Transport in Porous Media,2011,87(2):635-652.
[12]SALEHI M,JOHNSON S J,LIANG J T.Mechanistic study of wettability alteration using surfactants with applications in naturally fractured reservoirs[J].Langmuir the Acs Journal of Surfaces&Colloids,2008,24(24):212.
[13]KUMAR K,DAO E,MOHANTY K.Atomic force microscopy study of wettability alteration by surfactants[J].SPE Journal,2008,13(13):137-145.
[14]任妍君,蒋官澄,郑杜建,等.聚氧乙烯脂肪胺乳状液性能:不同p H值清洗条件下对硅酸盐岩储集层润湿性、渗透性的影响[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(1):125-128.REN Yanjun,JIANG Guancheng,ZHENG Dujian,et al.Characteristics of ethoxylated fatty amine emulsion:Effects on the wettability and permeability of silicate formation under various p H conditions[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(1):125-128.
[15]HIRASAKI G,ZHANG D L.Surface chemistry of oil recovery from fractured,oil-wet,carbonate formation[J].SPE Journal,2004,9(2):151-162.
[16]STANDNES D C,AUSTAD T.Wettability alteration in chalk:2.Mechanism for wettability alteration from oil-wet to water-wet using surfactants[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2000,28(3):123-143.
[17]MIRCHI V,SARAJI S,GOUAL L,et al.Dynamic interfacial tensions and contact angles of surfactant-in-brine/oil/shale systems:Implications to enhanced oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs[R].SPE169171-MS,2014.
[18]NGUYEN D,WANG D,OLADAPO A,et al.Evaluation of surfactants for oil recovery potential in shale reservoirs[R].SPE169085-MS,2014.
[19]FENG L,XU L.Implications of shale oil compositions on surfactant efficacy for wettability alteration[J].Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow&Metabolism,2015,17(3):316-330.
[20]ALVAREZ J O,SCHECHTER D S.Wettability alteration and spontaneous imbibition in unconventional liquid reservoirs by surfactant additives[R].SPE 177057-MS,2015.
[21]WANG D,ZHANG J,BUTLER R,et al.Scaling laboratory data surfactant imbibition rates to the field in fractured shale formations[R].SPE 178489-PA,2015.
[22]HANDWERGER D A,KELLER J,VAUGHN K.Improved petrophysical core measurements on tight shale reservoirs using retort and crushed samples[R].SPE 147456-MS,2011.
[23]ODUSINA E O,SONDERGELD C H,RAI C S.An NMR study of shale wettability[R].SPE 147371-MS,2011.
[24]BASU S,SHARMA M M.Characterization of mixed-wettability states in oil reservoirs by atomic force microscopy[J].SPE Journal,2013,2(4):427-435.
[25]KOLASINSKI K W.Surface science:Foundations of catalysis and nanoscience[M].3rd ed.Chichester,UK:John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2012:229-266.
[26]WANG W,GUPTA A.Investigation of the effect of temperature and pressure on wettability using modified pendant drop method[R].SPE30544-MS,1995.
[27]RAJAYI M,KANTZAS A.Effect of temperature and pressure on contact angle and interfacial tension of quartz/water/bitumen systems[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,2011,50(6):61-67.
[28]HIRASAKI G J.Wettability:Fundamentals and surface forces[J].SPE Formation Evaluation,1991,6(2):217-226.
[29]HANSENA G,HAMOUDA A A,DENOYELB R.The effect of pressure on contact angles and wettability in the mica/water/n-decane system and the calcite+stearic acid/water/n-decane system[J].Colloids&Surfaces A Physicochemical&Engineering Aspects,2000,172(1):7-16.
[30]CUIEC L.Rock/crude-oil interactions and wettability:An attempt to understand their interrelation[R].SPE 13211,1984.
[31]TREIBER L E,OWENS W W.A laboratory evaluation of the wettability of fifty oil-producing reservoirs[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1972,12(6):531-540.
[32]CHILINGAR G V,YEN T F.Some notes on wettability and relative permeabilities of carbonate reservoir rocks,Ⅱ[J].Energy Sources,1983,7(1):67-75.
[33]DOWNS H H,HOOVER P D.Enhanced oil recovery by wettability alteration[C]//ACS Symposium Series.New York:American Chemical Society,1989:577-595.
[34]BUCKLEY J S,LIU Y,MONSTERLEET S.Mechanisms of wetting alteration by crude oils[J].SPE Journal,1998,3(1):54-61.
[35]STANDNES D C,AUSTAD T.Wettability alteration in chalk:1.Preparation of core material and oil properties[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2000,28(3):111-121.
[36]SHULER P J,TANG H,LU Z,et al.Chemical process for improved oil recovery from Bakken shale[R].SPE 147531-MS,2011.
[37]KATHEL P,MOHANTY K K.EOR in tight oil reservoirs through wettability alteration[R].SPE 166281-MS,2013.
[38]ALVAREZ J O,NEOG A,JAIS A,et al.Impact of surfactants for wettability alteration in stimulation fluids and the potential for surfactant EOR in unconventional liquid reservoirs[R].SPE169001-MS,2014.
[39]MIRCHI V,SARAJI S,GOUAL L,et al.Experimental investigation of surfactant flooding in shale oil reservoirs:Dynamic interfacial tension,adsorption,and wettability[R].URTe C 1913287,2014.
[40]WANG Y,XU H,YU W,et al.Surfactant induced reservoir wettability alteration:Recent theoretical and experimental advances in enhanced oil recovery[J].Petroleum Science,2011,8(4):463-476.
[41]DAKE L P.Fundamentals of reservior engineering[M].Oxford,UK:ELSEVIER,1978.
[42]SCHECHTER D S,ZHOU D,ORR F M.Low IFT drainage and imbibition[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,1994,11(4):283-300.
[43]ANDERSON W G.Wettability literature survey:Part 4:Effects of wettability on capillary pressure[J].J.Pet.Technol.,1987,39(10):1283-1300.
[44]RAO D.Wettability effects in thermal recovery operations[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,1999,2(5):420-430.
[45]XU L,FU Q.Ensuring better well stimulation in unconventional oil and gas formations by optimizing surfactant additives[R].SPE154242-MS,2012.
[46]TOVAR F D,EIDE O,GRAUE A,et al.Experimental investigation of enhanced recovery in unconventional liquid reservoirs using CO2:A look ahead to the future of unconventional EOR[R].SPE169022-MS,2014.