利用盐水调节油藏岩石表面润湿性
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摘要
基于岩石表面基团与有机物分子间的黏附模型,分析油藏岩石表面的化学基团与原油中不同组分之间的微观作用力以及岩石表面和原油-盐水界面处双电层之间的相互作用,研究盐水中H~+、OH~-和无机盐离子对岩石表面润湿性的调节能力及其微观机制,并建立了油藏润湿性调节的新方法。原油中有机物质与岩石表面基团之间存在范德华力、氢键、库仑力和表面力相互作用,改变这些相互作用力,利用盐水调节岩石表面润湿性的机理包括:化学基团转化、界面电势改变、注入水pH值改变、多组分离子交换及盐溶/盐析效应。对砂岩油藏,随着盐水中阳离子价态、盐水浓度降低或盐水pH值(对矿化度影响不大)增加,原油与岩石表面间相互作用变弱,岩石表面亲水性增强;对碳酸盐岩油藏,高矿化度CaSO_4、MgSO_4盐水有利于增强油藏岩石表面亲水性。因此通过调节注入水的离子组成可调控油藏岩石表面亲水性,提高原油采收率。
Based on adhesion models between rock surface groups and organic molecules, the interactions between the chemical groups on the rock surface and the components of crude oil and the interactions of the electrical double layers at the rock surface and oil-water interface were analyzed to investigate the abilities and microscopic mechanisms of wettability control by H~+, OH~- and inorganic salt ions in brine, and a new method of wettability control for reservoir rocks was built. The results show that the interaction forces between rock surface groups and oil molecules are van der Waals forces, Coulomb forces, hydrogen bonds, and surface forces. By changing these forces, the control mechanisms of surface wettability of reservoir rocks by brine are: transformation of chemical groups, change of interfacial potential, pH variation of injected water, multicomponent ionic exchange, and salting-in or salting-out effect. For sandstone reservoirs, with the decrease of concentration and valence state of positive ions in brine or the increase of pH(increasing pH has a negligible impact on the brine salinity), the interaction between rock surface and oil becomes weak, thus resulting in increase of water wettability of rock surface. For carbonate reservoirs, CaSO_4 or MgSO_4 brine with high concentration is beneficial to increase water wettability of rock surface. Therefore, it is feasible to control rock wettability and improve oil recovery by adjusting the ion components of injected water.
Based on adhesion models between rock surface groups and organic molecules, the interactions between the chemical groups on the rock surface and the components of crude oil and the interactions of the electrical double layers at the rock surface and oil-water interface were analyzed to investigate the abilities and microscopic mechanisms of wettability control by H~+, OH~- and inorganic salt ions in brine, and a new method of wettability control for reservoir rocks was built. The results show that the interaction forces between rock surface groups and oil molecules are van der Waals forces, Coulomb forces, hydrogen bonds, and surface forces. By changing these forces, the control mechanisms of surface wettability of reservoir rocks by brine are: transformation of chemical groups, change of interfacial potential, pH variation of injected water, multicomponent ionic exchange, and salting-in or salting-out effect. For sandstone reservoirs, with the decrease of concentration and valence state of positive ions in brine or the increase of pH(increasing pH has a negligible impact on the brine salinity), the interaction between rock surface and oil becomes weak, thus resulting in increase of water wettability of rock surface. For carbonate reservoirs, CaSO_4 or MgSO_4 brine with high concentration is beneficial to increase water wettability of rock surface. Therefore, it is feasible to control rock wettability and improve oil recovery by adjusting the ion components of injected water.
引文
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[14]HU Y,LIU X.Chemical composition and surface property of kaolins[J].Minerals Engineering,2003,16(11):1279-1284.
[15]MILLER J D,NALASKOWSKI J,ABDUL B,et al.Surface characteristics of kaolinite and other selected two layer silicate minerals[J].The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,2007,85(5):617-624.
[16]?OLC R,GERZABEK M H,LISCHKA H,et al.Wettability of kaolinite(001)surfaces:Molecular dynamic study[J].Geoderma,2011,169(9):47-54.
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[19]GAN Y,FRANKS G V.Charging behavior of the gibbsite basal(001)surface in Na Cl solution investigated by AFM colloidal probe technique[J].Langmuir,2006,22(14):6087-6092.
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[23]杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.YANG Shenglai,WEI Junzhi.Fundamentals of petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004.
[24]李明远,吴肇亮.石油乳状液[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.LI Mingyuan,WU Zhaoliang.Petroleum emulsion[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[25]GONZáLEZ G,MOREIRA M B C.The wettability of mineral surfaces containing adsorbed asphaltene[J].Colloids&Surfaces,1991,58(3):293-302.
[26]HARDING I H,HEALY T W.Electrical double layer properties of amphoteric polymer latex colloids[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1985,107(2):382-397.
[27]KOU J,TAO D,XU G.A study of adsorption of dodecylamine on quartz surface using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation[J].Colloids&Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2010,368(1):75-83.
[28]FARMER V C,MORTLAND M M.An infrared study of the co-ordination of pyridine and water to exchangeable cations in montmorillonite and saponite[J].Journal of the Chemical Society A:Inorganic,Physical,Theoretical,1966:344-351.
[29]SWOBODA A R,KUNZE G W.Infrared study of pyridine adsorbed on montmorillonite surfaces[J].Clays&Clay Minerals,1964,13(1):277-288.
[30]WU Y,SHULER P J,BLANCO M,et al.An experimental study of wetting behavior and surfactant EOR in carbonates with model compounds[J].SPE Journal,2008,13(1):26-34.
[31]KAROUSSI O,HAMOUDA A A.Macroscopic and nanoscale study of wettability alteration of oil-wet calcite surface in presence of magnesium and sulfate ions[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2008,317(1):26-34.
[32]LAGER A,WEBB K J,BLACK C J J,et al.Low salinity oil recovery:An experimental investigation[J].Petrophysics,2006,49(1):28-35.
[33]LIGTHELM D,GRONSVELD J,HOFMAN J,et al.Novel waterflooding strategy by manipulation of injection brine composition[R].SPE 119835,2009.
[34]ARNARSON T S,KEIL R G.Mechanisms of pore water organic matter adsorption to montmorillonite[J].Marine Chemistry,2000,71(3):309-320.
[35]SPOSITO G.The chemistry of soils[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
[36]HIRASAKI G J.Wettability:Fundamentals and surface forces[J].SPE Formation Evaluation,1991,6(2):217-226.
[37]TAKAHASHI S.Water imbibition,electrical surface forces,and wettability of low permeability fractured porous media[D].Stanford:Stanford University,2009.
[38]华朝,李明远,林梅钦,等.利用表面电势表征砂岩储层岩石表面润湿性[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学学报),2015,39(2):142-150.HUA Zhao,LI Mingyuan,LIN Meiqin,et al.Evaluation of sandstone surface wettability by surface potential[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(2):142-150.
[39]朱子涵.砂岩储层岩石表面的亲水性与CO2的影响[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2011.ZHU Zihan.Hydrophilicity of sandstone surface and effect of CO2on it[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum(Beijing),2011.
[40]曲希玉.CO2流体-砂岩相互作用的实验研究及其在CO2气储层中的应用[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.QU Xiyu.The experiment research of CO2-sandstone interaction,and application in CO2 gas reservoir[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2007.
[41]DAUGHNEY C J.Sorption of crude oil from a non-aqueous phase onto silica:The influence of aqueous p H and wetting sequence[J].Organic Geochemistry,2000,31(2):147-158.
[42]MADSEN L,IDA L.Adsorption of carboxylic acids on reservoir minerals from organic and aqueous phase[R].SPE 37292-PA,1998.
[43]YUKSELEN Y,KAYA A.Zeta potential of kaolinite in the presence of alkali,alkaline earth and hydrolyzable metal ions[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,2003,145(1/2/3/4):155-168.
[44]LAGER A,WEBB K J,BLACK C.Impact of brine chemistry on oil recovery[R].Cairo:14th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery,2007.
[45]SUIJKERBUIJK B,HOFMAN J,LIGTHELM D,et al.Fundamental investigations into wettability and low salinity flooding by parameter isolation[R].SPE 154204,2012.
[46]RUESLATTEN H G,HJELMELAND O,SELLE O M.Wettability of reservoir rocks and the influence of organo-metallic compounds[J].North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoir,1994,3:317-324.
[47]WEBB K J,BLACK C,EDMONDS I J.Low salinity oil recovery:The role of reservoir condition corefloods[R].Budapest:13th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery,2005.
[48]HAMAM S E,HAMODA M F,SHABAN H I,et al.Crude oil dissolution in saline water[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1988,37(1/2):55-64.
[2]刘卫东,罗莉涛,廖广志,等.聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱提高采收率机理实验[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(4):600-607.LIU Weidong,LUO Litao,LIAO Guangzhi,et al.Experimental study on the mechanism of enhancing oil recovery by polymer-surfactant binary flooding[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(4):600-607.
[3]NASRALLA R A,NASR-EL-DIN H A.Double-layer expansion:Is it a primary mechanism of improved oil recovery by low-salinity waterflooding?[R].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2014,17(1):49-59.
[4]HUA Z,LI M,NI X,et al.Effect of injection brine composition on wettability and oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs[J].Fuel,2016,182:687-695.
[5]REZAEIDOUST A,PUNTERVOLD T,STRAND S,et al.Smart water as wettability modifier in carbonate and sandstone:A discussion of similarities/differences in the chemical mechanisms[J].Energy&Fuels,2009,23(9):4479-4485.
[6]VLEDDER P,GONZALEZ I,FONSECA J C,et al.Low salinity water flooding:Proof of wettability alteration on a field wide scale[R].SPE 129564,2010.
[7]黄昌武.2014年石油十大科技进展[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(5):645.HUANG Changwu.The 10 great advances of petroleum science and technology in 2014[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(5):645.
[8]LAGER A,WEBB K J,COLLINS I R,et al.Lo Sal enhanced oil recovery:Evidence of enhanced oil recovery at the reservoir scale[R].SPE 113976,2008.
[9]SKRETTINGLAND K,HOLT T,TWEHEYO M T,et al.Snorre low-salinity-water injection-coreflooding experiments and single-well field pilot[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,2011,14(2):182-192.
[10]SKRETTINGLAND K,HOLT T,TWEHEYO M T,et al.Snorre low salinity water injection-core flooding experiments and single well field pilot[R].SPE 129877,2010.
[11]MAHANI H,SOROP T,LIGTHELM D J,et al.Analysis of field responses to low-salinity waterflooding in secondary and tertiary mode in Syria[R].SPE 142960,2011.
[12]CARRéA,LACARRIERE V.Study of surface charge properties of minerals and surface:Modified substrates by wettability measurements[J].Contact Angle,Wettability and Adhesion,2006,4:1-14.
[13]BRANTLEY S L,STILLINGS L.Feldspar dissolution at 25℃and low p H[J].American Journal of Science,1996,296:101-127.
[14]HU Y,LIU X.Chemical composition and surface property of kaolins[J].Minerals Engineering,2003,16(11):1279-1284.
[15]MILLER J D,NALASKOWSKI J,ABDUL B,et al.Surface characteristics of kaolinite and other selected two layer silicate minerals[J].The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,2007,85(5):617-624.
[16]?OLC R,GERZABEK M H,LISCHKA H,et al.Wettability of kaolinite(001)surfaces:Molecular dynamic study[J].Geoderma,2011,169(9):47-54.
[17]HIORTH A,CATHLES L M,MADLAND M V.The impact of pore water chemistry on carbonate surface charge and oil wettability[J].Transport in Porous Media,2010,85(1):1-21.
[18]ISRAELACHVILI J N.Intermolecular and surface forces[M].3rd ed.San Diego:Academic Press,2011.
[19]GAN Y,FRANKS G V.Charging behavior of the gibbsite basal(001)surface in Na Cl solution investigated by AFM colloidal probe technique[J].Langmuir,2006,22(14):6087-6092.
[20]ZHU Z,LI M,LIN M,et al.Investigation on variations in wettability of reservoir rock induced by CO2-brine-rock interactions[R].SPE142979,2011.
[21]AUSTAD T,REZAEIDOUST A,PUNTERVOLD T.Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding in sandstone reservoirs[R].SPE 129767,2010.
[22]DUBEY S T,DOE P H.Base number and wetting properties of crude oils[J].SPE Reservoir Engineering,1993,8(3):195-200.
[23]杨胜来,魏俊之.油层物理学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.YANG Shenglai,WEI Junzhi.Fundamentals of petrophysics[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2004.
[24]李明远,吴肇亮.石油乳状液[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.LI Mingyuan,WU Zhaoliang.Petroleum emulsion[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[25]GONZáLEZ G,MOREIRA M B C.The wettability of mineral surfaces containing adsorbed asphaltene[J].Colloids&Surfaces,1991,58(3):293-302.
[26]HARDING I H,HEALY T W.Electrical double layer properties of amphoteric polymer latex colloids[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1985,107(2):382-397.
[27]KOU J,TAO D,XU G.A study of adsorption of dodecylamine on quartz surface using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation[J].Colloids&Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2010,368(1):75-83.
[28]FARMER V C,MORTLAND M M.An infrared study of the co-ordination of pyridine and water to exchangeable cations in montmorillonite and saponite[J].Journal of the Chemical Society A:Inorganic,Physical,Theoretical,1966:344-351.
[29]SWOBODA A R,KUNZE G W.Infrared study of pyridine adsorbed on montmorillonite surfaces[J].Clays&Clay Minerals,1964,13(1):277-288.
[30]WU Y,SHULER P J,BLANCO M,et al.An experimental study of wetting behavior and surfactant EOR in carbonates with model compounds[J].SPE Journal,2008,13(1):26-34.
[31]KAROUSSI O,HAMOUDA A A.Macroscopic and nanoscale study of wettability alteration of oil-wet calcite surface in presence of magnesium and sulfate ions[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2008,317(1):26-34.
[32]LAGER A,WEBB K J,BLACK C J J,et al.Low salinity oil recovery:An experimental investigation[J].Petrophysics,2006,49(1):28-35.
[33]LIGTHELM D,GRONSVELD J,HOFMAN J,et al.Novel waterflooding strategy by manipulation of injection brine composition[R].SPE 119835,2009.
[34]ARNARSON T S,KEIL R G.Mechanisms of pore water organic matter adsorption to montmorillonite[J].Marine Chemistry,2000,71(3):309-320.
[35]SPOSITO G.The chemistry of soils[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
[36]HIRASAKI G J.Wettability:Fundamentals and surface forces[J].SPE Formation Evaluation,1991,6(2):217-226.
[37]TAKAHASHI S.Water imbibition,electrical surface forces,and wettability of low permeability fractured porous media[D].Stanford:Stanford University,2009.
[38]华朝,李明远,林梅钦,等.利用表面电势表征砂岩储层岩石表面润湿性[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学学报),2015,39(2):142-150.HUA Zhao,LI Mingyuan,LIN Meiqin,et al.Evaluation of sandstone surface wettability by surface potential[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(2):142-150.
[39]朱子涵.砂岩储层岩石表面的亲水性与CO2的影响[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2011.ZHU Zihan.Hydrophilicity of sandstone surface and effect of CO2on it[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum(Beijing),2011.
[40]曲希玉.CO2流体-砂岩相互作用的实验研究及其在CO2气储层中的应用[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.QU Xiyu.The experiment research of CO2-sandstone interaction,and application in CO2 gas reservoir[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2007.
[41]DAUGHNEY C J.Sorption of crude oil from a non-aqueous phase onto silica:The influence of aqueous p H and wetting sequence[J].Organic Geochemistry,2000,31(2):147-158.
[42]MADSEN L,IDA L.Adsorption of carboxylic acids on reservoir minerals from organic and aqueous phase[R].SPE 37292-PA,1998.
[43]YUKSELEN Y,KAYA A.Zeta potential of kaolinite in the presence of alkali,alkaline earth and hydrolyzable metal ions[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,2003,145(1/2/3/4):155-168.
[44]LAGER A,WEBB K J,BLACK C.Impact of brine chemistry on oil recovery[R].Cairo:14th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery,2007.
[45]SUIJKERBUIJK B,HOFMAN J,LIGTHELM D,et al.Fundamental investigations into wettability and low salinity flooding by parameter isolation[R].SPE 154204,2012.
[46]RUESLATTEN H G,HJELMELAND O,SELLE O M.Wettability of reservoir rocks and the influence of organo-metallic compounds[J].North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoir,1994,3:317-324.
[47]WEBB K J,BLACK C,EDMONDS I J.Low salinity oil recovery:The role of reservoir condition corefloods[R].Budapest:13th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery,2005.
[48]HAMAM S E,HAMODA M F,SHABAN H I,et al.Crude oil dissolution in saline water[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1988,37(1/2):55-64.