气吸式谷子排种装置吸种孔的结构设计与试验
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摘要
为实现气吸式谷子排种装置的精少量穴播,解决播种时伤种、吸种孔堵塞、成穴性差等问题,在研究了谷子机械物理特性的基础上,对气吸式排种装置的排种盘进行了设计,设计了圆柱孔、倒角截顶圆锥体孔、截顶圆锥体孔和四棱台孔4种结构,并对排种装置进行了谷子排种效果对比试验以及排种性能试验。试验结果表明,在所设计的多种排种盘结构中,吸种效果最好的排种盘吸种孔为四棱台结构,堵塞情况最少,相对成穴性最好,此时平均穴粒数3.3个,穴粒数合格率89%,穴距合格率94%,平均成穴距离1.24 cm。同时确定了排种器的最佳工作参数:真空度?2 k Pa,排种轴转速28 r/min。初步实现了采用气吸式排种装置下的谷子精少量穴播,对以后设计谷子精密排种装置及相关研究提供参考。
Millet is the main crop in China.At present,due to the lower mechanization level of millet cultivation in China,it is easy to damage seeds and clog suction holes when sowing.In view of the problem of poor hole formation,precision sowing has become a modern technological means to improve grain yield.In order to realize precision sowing,the mechanical and physical properties of three domestic typical millets were firstly studied by measuring size,sphericity degree and the maximum coefficient of static friction between the millet and the steel plate.And to make our design of the suction hole have a good adaptability,the comparative analysis was performed in the Jingu 21 millet.According to the physical characteristics of the millet,air-sucking seeding disc was designed,and Q235 cold-rolled steel plate was selected as the material for making the seed plate.There were 18 holes evenly distributed in the circumferential direction of the seed plate,and the range of pore size was from 1.04 to 1.17 mm.Four kinds of structure of seed suction holes were designed,including cylindrical hole,chamfered truncated cone hole,truncated cone hole and four-prism hole.In order to test the seeding effect,the millet seeding experiment was carried out by using the JPS-12 seeding device performance test rig.The relevant national standard of the planter was cited and six test indices were selected:the average grains number per hill,the qualified rate of grains number per hole,the average hill distance,the qualified rate of hill distance,the single grain rate,and the average seed's quantity per hill.Three kinds of hole geometry on the seeding disc,such as cylindrical hole,chamfered truncated cone hole,truncated cone hole,were selected to test the seed selection efficiency,and the results showed that truncated cone hole was the best in the 3 kinds of adsorption pore structures,which could effectively reduce all kinds of plugging holes,so truncated cone hole was chosen to continue to compare.Two kinds of seed suction hole structures,such asthe truncated cone hole and four frustum pyramid,were selected to conduct the comparative experiment on the seeding efficiency.The results showed the optimal structure of seed suction hole was four-prism hole structure on the seeding disc,which had the best effect on seed sowing and solved the problems of serious seed damage,suction hole plugging,and cavitation.Through the millet seeding effect comparison test,the design scheme of the suction hole was ultimately determined as four-prism hole structure.The millet seeding performance test of this suction hole structure was carried out to determine the best seeding index.The seeding performance indices were the average number of seeds per hill of 3.3,the qualified rate of seeds per hill of 89%,and the qualified rate of hill space of 94%,and the average hole distance was 1.24 cm.Through the seeding performance test,the best working parameters of the seeder were determined:Vacuum degree was-2 k Pa,and the rotation speed was 28 r/min.Precision hole sowing of millet seed was preliminarily realized by the use of air-suction seed-metering device in this study.The test results will provide a theoretical reference for the design and related research of millet precision seeding device.
Millet is the main crop in China.At present,due to the lower mechanization level of millet cultivation in China,it is easy to damage seeds and clog suction holes when sowing.In view of the problem of poor hole formation,precision sowing has become a modern technological means to improve grain yield.In order to realize precision sowing,the mechanical and physical properties of three domestic typical millets were firstly studied by measuring size,sphericity degree and the maximum coefficient of static friction between the millet and the steel plate.And to make our design of the suction hole have a good adaptability,the comparative analysis was performed in the Jingu 21 millet.According to the physical characteristics of the millet,air-sucking seeding disc was designed,and Q235 cold-rolled steel plate was selected as the material for making the seed plate.There were 18 holes evenly distributed in the circumferential direction of the seed plate,and the range of pore size was from 1.04 to 1.17 mm.Four kinds of structure of seed suction holes were designed,including cylindrical hole,chamfered truncated cone hole,truncated cone hole and four-prism hole.In order to test the seeding effect,the millet seeding experiment was carried out by using the JPS-12 seeding device performance test rig.The relevant national standard of the planter was cited and six test indices were selected:the average grains number per hill,the qualified rate of grains number per hole,the average hill distance,the qualified rate of hill distance,the single grain rate,and the average seed's quantity per hill.Three kinds of hole geometry on the seeding disc,such as cylindrical hole,chamfered truncated cone hole,truncated cone hole,were selected to test the seed selection efficiency,and the results showed that truncated cone hole was the best in the 3 kinds of adsorption pore structures,which could effectively reduce all kinds of plugging holes,so truncated cone hole was chosen to continue to compare.Two kinds of seed suction hole structures,such asthe truncated cone hole and four frustum pyramid,were selected to conduct the comparative experiment on the seeding efficiency.The results showed the optimal structure of seed suction hole was four-prism hole structure on the seeding disc,which had the best effect on seed sowing and solved the problems of serious seed damage,suction hole plugging,and cavitation.Through the millet seeding effect comparison test,the design scheme of the suction hole was ultimately determined as four-prism hole structure.The millet seeding performance test of this suction hole structure was carried out to determine the best seeding index.The seeding performance indices were the average number of seeds per hill of 3.3,the qualified rate of seeds per hill of 89%,and the qualified rate of hill space of 94%,and the average hole distance was 1.24 cm.Through the seeding performance test,the best working parameters of the seeder were determined:Vacuum degree was-2 k Pa,and the rotation speed was 28 r/min.Precision hole sowing of millet seed was preliminarily realized by the use of air-suction seed-metering device in this study.The test results will provide a theoretical reference for the design and related research of millet precision seeding device.
引文
[1]边胤,马永康,张振国.往复式排种器用于谷子精密播种机的初探[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):122-127Bian Yin,Ma Yongkang,Zhang Zhenguo.Reciprocating feeder applied to precision seed-grain sowing machines[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(2):122-127.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]梁苏宁,金诚谦,张奋飞,等.4LZG-3.0型谷子联合收获机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(12):31-38.Liang Suning,Jin Chengqian,Zhang Fenfei,et al.Design and experiment of 4LZG-3.0 millet combine harvester[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineer ing(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(12):31-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]张东光,郭玉明,郑德聪.谷子机械化精少量种植工艺的研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2011(6):563-567.Zhang Dongguang,Guo Yuming,Zheng Decong.Research on mechanized hill-drop planting processes for millet[J].Shanxi Agricultural university:Natural Science Edition,2011(6):563-567.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]刘月琴,赵满全,刘飞,等.基于离散元的气吸式排种器工作参数仿真优化[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):65-72.Liu Yueqin,Zhao Manquan,Liu Fei,et al.Simulation and optimization of working parameters of air suction metering device based on discrete element[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):65-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]常金丽,张晓辉.2BQ-10型气流一阶集排式排种系统设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):36-141.Chang Jinli,Zhang Xiaohui.Design and test of one-step centralized type pneumatic seeding system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(1):136-141.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]段宏兵.几种国外小粒种子气吸式精密排种器的结构分析[J].中国农机化,2008(2):87-89.Duan Hongbing.The structure analysis of the precision seed metering device of many kinds of the small seeds of foreign country[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2008(2):87-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]田聪,刘占良,陈林.谷子精量播种机的研究现状与开发设想[J].农机化研究,2013,35(1):10-13.Tian Cong,Liu Zhanliang,Chen Lin.Millet precision seeder research and development[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2013,35(1):10-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]许剑平,谢宇峰,徐涛.国内外播种机械的技术现状及发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2011,2(2):234-237.Xu Jianping,Xie Yufeng,Xu Tao.The present technic status and developing tendency of the domestic and abroad drill[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,2(2):234-237.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Guarella P,Pellerano A,Pascuzzi S.Experimental and theore-tical performance of a vacuum seeder nozzle for vegetable seeds[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1996(64):29-36.
[10]Graven L M,Carter P R.Seed size/shape and tillagesystem effect on corn growth and grain yield[J].Journal of Production Agriculture,1990,3(4):445-452.
[11]杨冬冬,张晋国,周辉,等.气吸式油莎豆精量铺膜播种机的研制[J].农机化研究,2013(8):68-71.Yang Dongdong,Zhang Jinguo,Zhou Hui,et al.Design of air-suction cyperus beans precise laying seeder[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2013(8):68-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]张义峰,杨景波,衣淑娟.牧草免耕播种与液体施肥机的设计[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2011(4):20-22.Zhang Yifeng,Yang Jingbo,Yi Shujuan.Design on machine of fodder grass zero-tillage seeding and liquid apply fertilizer[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2011(4):20-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]张东光,郭玉明,郑德聪,等.2BX-10型小籽粒精少量播种机的研制[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2010(5):459-463.Zhang Dongguang,Guo Yuming,Zheng Decong,et al.Design of the 2BX-10 hill-drop drill for small grains[J].Shanxi Agricultural university:Natural Science Edition,2010(5):459-463.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王学良.多种类小籽粒气吸式精量播种机的研制[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.Wang Xueliang.Development of Little Size Seed for Some Types Laying Seeder[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]王磊,廖宜涛,韦跃培,等.基于气力式精量排种器的谷子吸种与排种试验[J].湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2014,40(6):655-659.Wang Lei,Liao Yitao,Wei Yuepei,et al.Seed-grain sucking and metering test based on pneumatic precision metering device[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University:Natural Sciences,2014,40(6):655-659.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]曹慧鹏.2BG-6型电子智能谷子精量播种机的创新设计[J].农业开发与装备,2014(11):55-56.
[17]樊立桃.气吸式谷子精密穴播机的改进研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.Fan Litao.Study on The Improvement of Pneumatic Precise Seeder of Millet[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]崔清亮,侯华铭,郑德聪,等.倾斜圆盘式谷子精少量排种器的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报2016,32(12):17-23.Cui Qingliang,Hou Huaming,Zheng Decong,et al.Design and test of tilt dise-type fine and small-amount seed metering device for foxtail millet[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(12):17-23.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]周祖锷.农业物料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994.
[20]王业成,邱立春,张文娇,等.摩擦型立式圆盘精密排种器的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):22-26.Wang Yecheng,Qiu Lichun,Zhang Wenjiao,et al.Design and experiment of friction vertical plate precision seed metering device[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(1):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]杨宛章,郭辉,康秀生.一种简单实用的橡胶条刮种机构的研制[J].新疆农业大学学报,2004,27(1):62-64.Yang Wanzhang,Guo Hui,Kang Xiusheng.Development of a simple and practical rubber bar scraper[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2004,27(1):62-64.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]邸颖.两种气吸式精量播种机的技术特点分析[J].当代农机,2008(5):61-62.
[23]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[24]张明慧.小粒蔬菜种子播种机的研制[D].吉林:吉林大学,2014.Zhang Minghui.Development of the Small Grain of Vegetable Seed Planter[D].Jinlin:Jilin University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]赵满全,刘月琴,刘飞,等.小粒种子精量排种盘:CN203934317U[P].2014-11-12.
[26]吕冰.气吸式谷子排种装置气流场模拟与试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.Lv Bing.Airflow Field Simulation and Experimental Study of Air-suction Millet Feed Mechanism of Seed[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]国家质检总局(SBTS).单粒(精密)播种机试验方法:GB/T6973-2005[S].北京:中国农业机械化科学研究院,2005:10.
[28]行业标准-农业(CN-NY).铺膜穴播机作业质量:NY/T987-2006[S].北京:农业部旱田作农机具质量监督检验测试中心,2006:1.
[29]行业标准-农业(CN-NY).温室蔬菜穴盘精密播种机技术条件:NY/T 1823-2009[S].北京:北京市农业机械试验鉴定推广站,2009:12.
[2]梁苏宁,金诚谦,张奋飞,等.4LZG-3.0型谷子联合收获机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(12):31-38.Liang Suning,Jin Chengqian,Zhang Fenfei,et al.Design and experiment of 4LZG-3.0 millet combine harvester[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineer ing(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(12):31-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]张东光,郭玉明,郑德聪.谷子机械化精少量种植工艺的研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2011(6):563-567.Zhang Dongguang,Guo Yuming,Zheng Decong.Research on mechanized hill-drop planting processes for millet[J].Shanxi Agricultural university:Natural Science Edition,2011(6):563-567.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]刘月琴,赵满全,刘飞,等.基于离散元的气吸式排种器工作参数仿真优化[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):65-72.Liu Yueqin,Zhao Manquan,Liu Fei,et al.Simulation and optimization of working parameters of air suction metering device based on discrete element[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):65-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]常金丽,张晓辉.2BQ-10型气流一阶集排式排种系统设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):36-141.Chang Jinli,Zhang Xiaohui.Design and test of one-step centralized type pneumatic seeding system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(1):136-141.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]段宏兵.几种国外小粒种子气吸式精密排种器的结构分析[J].中国农机化,2008(2):87-89.Duan Hongbing.The structure analysis of the precision seed metering device of many kinds of the small seeds of foreign country[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2008(2):87-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]田聪,刘占良,陈林.谷子精量播种机的研究现状与开发设想[J].农机化研究,2013,35(1):10-13.Tian Cong,Liu Zhanliang,Chen Lin.Millet precision seeder research and development[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2013,35(1):10-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]许剑平,谢宇峰,徐涛.国内外播种机械的技术现状及发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2011,2(2):234-237.Xu Jianping,Xie Yufeng,Xu Tao.The present technic status and developing tendency of the domestic and abroad drill[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,2(2):234-237.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Guarella P,Pellerano A,Pascuzzi S.Experimental and theore-tical performance of a vacuum seeder nozzle for vegetable seeds[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1996(64):29-36.
[10]Graven L M,Carter P R.Seed size/shape and tillagesystem effect on corn growth and grain yield[J].Journal of Production Agriculture,1990,3(4):445-452.
[11]杨冬冬,张晋国,周辉,等.气吸式油莎豆精量铺膜播种机的研制[J].农机化研究,2013(8):68-71.Yang Dongdong,Zhang Jinguo,Zhou Hui,et al.Design of air-suction cyperus beans precise laying seeder[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2013(8):68-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]张义峰,杨景波,衣淑娟.牧草免耕播种与液体施肥机的设计[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2011(4):20-22.Zhang Yifeng,Yang Jingbo,Yi Shujuan.Design on machine of fodder grass zero-tillage seeding and liquid apply fertilizer[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2011(4):20-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]张东光,郭玉明,郑德聪,等.2BX-10型小籽粒精少量播种机的研制[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2010(5):459-463.Zhang Dongguang,Guo Yuming,Zheng Decong,et al.Design of the 2BX-10 hill-drop drill for small grains[J].Shanxi Agricultural university:Natural Science Edition,2010(5):459-463.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]王学良.多种类小籽粒气吸式精量播种机的研制[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.Wang Xueliang.Development of Little Size Seed for Some Types Laying Seeder[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]王磊,廖宜涛,韦跃培,等.基于气力式精量排种器的谷子吸种与排种试验[J].湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2014,40(6):655-659.Wang Lei,Liao Yitao,Wei Yuepei,et al.Seed-grain sucking and metering test based on pneumatic precision metering device[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University:Natural Sciences,2014,40(6):655-659.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]曹慧鹏.2BG-6型电子智能谷子精量播种机的创新设计[J].农业开发与装备,2014(11):55-56.
[17]樊立桃.气吸式谷子精密穴播机的改进研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.Fan Litao.Study on The Improvement of Pneumatic Precise Seeder of Millet[D].Baoding:Agricultural University of Hebei,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]崔清亮,侯华铭,郑德聪,等.倾斜圆盘式谷子精少量排种器的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报2016,32(12):17-23.Cui Qingliang,Hou Huaming,Zheng Decong,et al.Design and test of tilt dise-type fine and small-amount seed metering device for foxtail millet[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(12):17-23.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]周祖锷.农业物料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994.
[20]王业成,邱立春,张文娇,等.摩擦型立式圆盘精密排种器的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):22-26.Wang Yecheng,Qiu Lichun,Zhang Wenjiao,et al.Design and experiment of friction vertical plate precision seed metering device[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(1):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]杨宛章,郭辉,康秀生.一种简单实用的橡胶条刮种机构的研制[J].新疆农业大学学报,2004,27(1):62-64.Yang Wanzhang,Guo Hui,Kang Xiusheng.Development of a simple and practical rubber bar scraper[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2004,27(1):62-64.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]邸颖.两种气吸式精量播种机的技术特点分析[J].当代农机,2008(5):61-62.
[23]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.
[24]张明慧.小粒蔬菜种子播种机的研制[D].吉林:吉林大学,2014.Zhang Minghui.Development of the Small Grain of Vegetable Seed Planter[D].Jinlin:Jilin University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]赵满全,刘月琴,刘飞,等.小粒种子精量排种盘:CN203934317U[P].2014-11-12.
[26]吕冰.气吸式谷子排种装置气流场模拟与试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.Lv Bing.Airflow Field Simulation and Experimental Study of Air-suction Millet Feed Mechanism of Seed[D].Huhhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]国家质检总局(SBTS).单粒(精密)播种机试验方法:GB/T6973-2005[S].北京:中国农业机械化科学研究院,2005:10.
[28]行业标准-农业(CN-NY).铺膜穴播机作业质量:NY/T987-2006[S].北京:农业部旱田作农机具质量监督检验测试中心,2006:1.
[29]行业标准-农业(CN-NY).温室蔬菜穴盘精密播种机技术条件:NY/T 1823-2009[S].北京:北京市农业机械试验鉴定推广站,2009:12.