Differences between Convective and Stratiform Precipitation Budgets in a Torrential Rainfall Event
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摘要
Differences in rainfall budgets between convective and stratiform regions of a torrential rainfall event were investigated using high-resolution simulation data produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The convective and stratiform regions were reasonably separated by the radar-based convective–stratiform partitioning method, and the threedimensional WRF-based precipitation equation combining water vapor and hydrometeor budgets was further used to analyze the rainfall budgets. The results showed that the magnitude of precipitation budget processes in the convective region was one order larger than that in the stratiform region. In convective/stratiform updraft regions, precipitation was mainly from the contribution of moisture-related processes, with a small negative contribution from cloud-related processes. In convective/stratiform downdraft regions, cloud-related processes played positive roles in precipitation, while moisture-related processes made a negative contribution. Moisture flux convergence played a dominant role in the moisture-related processes in convective or stratiform updraft regions, which was closely related to large-scale dynamics. Differences in cloud-related processes between convective and stratiform regions were more complex compared with those in moisture-related processes.Both liquid-and ice-phase microphysical processes were strong in convective/stratiform updraft regions, and ice-phase processes were dominant in convective/stratiform downdraft regions. There was strong net latent heating within almost the whole troposphere in updraft regions, especially in the convective updraft region, while the net latent heating(cooling) mainly existed above(below) the zero-layer in convective/stratiform downdraft regions.
Differences in rainfall budgets between convective and stratiform regions of a torrential rainfall event were investigated using high-resolution simulation data produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The convective and stratiform regions were reasonably separated by the radar-based convective–stratiform partitioning method, and the threedimensional WRF-based precipitation equation combining water vapor and hydrometeor budgets was further used to analyze the rainfall budgets. The results showed that the magnitude of precipitation budget processes in the convective region was one order larger than that in the stratiform region. In convective/stratiform updraft regions, precipitation was mainly from the contribution of moisture-related processes, with a small negative contribution from cloud-related processes. In convective/stratiform downdraft regions, cloud-related processes played positive roles in precipitation, while moisture-related processes made a negative contribution. Moisture flux convergence played a dominant role in the moisture-related processes in convective or stratiform updraft regions, which was closely related to large-scale dynamics. Differences in cloud-related processes between convective and stratiform regions were more complex compared with those in moisture-related processes.Both liquid-and ice-phase microphysical processes were strong in convective/stratiform updraft regions, and ice-phase processes were dominant in convective/stratiform downdraft regions. There was strong net latent heating within almost the whole troposphere in updraft regions, especially in the convective updraft region, while the net latent heating(cooling) mainly existed above(below) the zero-layer in convective/stratiform downdraft regions.
Differences in rainfall budgets between convective and stratiform regions of a torrential rainfall event were investigated using high-resolution simulation data produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The convective and stratiform regions were reasonably separated by the radar-based convective–stratiform partitioning method, and the threedimensional WRF-based precipitation equation combining water vapor and hydrometeor budgets was further used to analyze the rainfall budgets. The results showed that the magnitude of precipitation budget processes in the convective region was one order larger than that in the stratiform region. In convective/stratiform updraft regions, precipitation was mainly from the contribution of moisture-related processes, with a small negative contribution from cloud-related processes. In convective/stratiform downdraft regions, cloud-related processes played positive roles in precipitation, while moisture-related processes made a negative contribution. Moisture flux convergence played a dominant role in the moisture-related processes in convective or stratiform updraft regions, which was closely related to large-scale dynamics. Differences in cloud-related processes between convective and stratiform regions were more complex compared with those in moisture-related processes.Both liquid-and ice-phase microphysical processes were strong in convective/stratiform updraft regions, and ice-phase processes were dominant in convective/stratiform downdraft regions. There was strong net latent heating within almost the whole troposphere in updraft regions, especially in the convective updraft region, while the net latent heating(cooling) mainly existed above(below) the zero-layer in convective/stratiform downdraft regions.
引文
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Gao,S.T.,X.P.Cui,Y.S.Zhou,and X.F.Li,2005:Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud-resolving model.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,110,D10202,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005467.
Gao,S.T.,X.P.Cui,and X.F.Li,2009:A modeling study of diurnal rainfall variations during the 21-day period of TOGACOARE.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,26,895-905,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-8123-6.
Grim,J.A.,G.M.McFarquhar,R.M.Rauber,A.M.Smith,and B.F.Jewett,2009:Microphysical and thermodynamic structure and evolution of the trailing stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems during BAMEX.Part II:Column model simulations.Mon.Wea.Rev.,137,1186-1205.https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2505.1.
Houze,R.A.,Jr.,1977:Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system.Mon.Wea.Rev.,105,1540-1567.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1540:SADOAT>2.0.CO;2.
Houze,R.A.,Jr.,1982:Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics.J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,60,396-410,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.60.1 396.
Houze,R.A.,Jr.,1989:Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,115,425-461,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711548702.
Houze,R.A.,Jr.,1997:Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection:A meteorological paradox?Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,78,2179-2196,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2179:SPIROC>2.0.CO;2.
Houze,R.A.,Jr.,2014:Cloud Dynamics.2nd ed.Academic Press,496 pp.
Huang,Y.J.,and X.P.Cui,2015a:Dominant cloud microphysical processes of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan,China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32,389-400,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-4066-7.
Huang,Y.J.,and X.P.Cui,2015b:Moisture sources of torrential rainfall events in the Sichuan basin of China during summers of 2009-13.Journal of Hydrometeorology,16,1906-1917,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0220.1.
Huang,Y.J.,X.P.Cui,and Y.P.Wang,2016a:Cloud microphysical differences with precipitation intensity in a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan,China.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,9,90-98,https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2016.1139436.
Huang,Y.J,X.P.Cui,and X.F.Li,2016b:A three-dimensional WRF-based precipitation equation and its application in the analysis of roles of surface evaporation in a torrential rainfall event.Atmospheric Research,169,54-64,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.09.026.
Huang,Y.J.,and Coauthors,2018:Forecasting severe convective storms with WRF-based RTFDDA radar data assimilation in Guangdong,China.Atmospheric Research,209,131-143,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.03.010.
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