超现实主义前奏:重访“假事件”理论
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摘要
美国保守主义历史学家布尔斯廷(Daniel Joseph Boorstin)在1962年《图像(The Image)》一书中提出的"pseudo-event"理论上承李普曼、本雅明,下启鲍德里亚(Jean Baudrillard)、德堡(Guy Debord)、波兹曼(Neil Postman)、拉施(Christopher Lasch)等,不仅具有学理价值,在学术网络之中也有重要地位和影响。回归英文原典、结合社会历史背景并参酌布尔斯廷个人学术书写的整体脉络可以发现,pseudo-event并非是关于新闻伦理和公共关系的理论,其论述核心也不在"事件(event)"本身,而是一套关于20世纪美国经验、现实与非现实的理论话语,是超现实主义(hyperrealism)理论的前奏。
引文
[1]Marshall McL uhan.Understanding Media:The Extensions of Men.Gingko Press,2013.
[2]董天策、郭毅、梁辰曦、何旭.媒介事件的概念建构及其流变[J].新闻与传播研究,2017(10):103-119.
[3]对鲍德里亚影响见William Merrin.Implosion,Simulation and the Pseudo-Event:A Critique of McL uhan.Economy and Society,31:3,2002,pp.369-390.对德堡影响见Olivier Fraysse.“Guy Debord,a Critique of Modernism and Fordism:What Lessons for Today,”in The Spectacle 2.0:Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism,edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano,London:University of Westminster Press,2017,pp.67-79.对洛西科夫影响见Stephanie Viens.The Hyperreality of Daniel Boorstin.Journal of Media Literacy Education,2014,Vol 6,No.2,pp.93-95.对波兹曼影响见《娱乐至死》一书第67-72页。对拉施的影响体现在其《自恋主义文化》一书.
[4]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.9.
[5]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.25-37.
[6]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.38-44.
[7]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.36.
[8]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.49-53.
[9]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.57-58.
[10]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.61-65.
[11]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.66-73.
[12]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.77-117.
[13]布尔斯廷从未明确定义“图像革命”。参酌其多本著作,“图像革命”概指20世纪工业复制技术对图像的批量生产.
[14]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.120.
[15]在布尔斯廷所有著作中“民主(democracy)”都并非在政治学意义上使用,而是带有普及化、大众化、通俗化的意思.
[16]Reba N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[17]Reba N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[18]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.120-177.
[19]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.177.
[20]瓦尔特·本雅明.机械复制时代的艺术作品[M].北京:中国城市出版社,2002,p.90.
[21]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.120-177.
[22]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.182-240.
[23]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.186-187.
[24]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.243.
[25]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.202-204.
[26]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.252.
[27]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.253.
[28]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.255.
[29]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.260.
[30]Daniel Boorstin.“Author’s Note,” in The Daniel J.Boorstin Reader,edited by Ruth F.Boorstin.New York The Modern Library,1995.
[31]Bera N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,p.280.
[32]William van Dusen Wishard.Between Two Ages.Bloomington:Xlibris,2000.
[33]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:461-465.
[34]Daniel Boorstin.Hidden History:Exploring Our Secret Past,New York:Vintage Books,1987:307.
[35]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:480.
[36]William van Dusen Wishard.Between Two Ages.Bloomington:Xlibris,2000,159.
[37]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:650.
[38]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:310-331.
[39]Daniel Boorstin.Hidden History:Exploring Our Secret Past,New York:Vintage Books,1987:818.
[40]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.269.
[41]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:489.
[42]Daniel J.Boorstin.Democracy and Its Discontents:Reflections on Everyday America.New York:Vintage Books,1969,p.1.
[43]Daniel J.Boorstin.Democracy and Its Discontents:Reflections on Everyday America.New York:Vintage Books,1969,p.40.
[44]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image or What Happened to the American Dream.Atheneum:New York,1962:Foreword.
[45]相关论述见John Johnston.“Mass Mediation”,in Brian McH ale edited The Cambridge History of Postmodern Literature,pp.95-111.以及Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman.Journalism and the Philosophy of Truth.New York:Routledge,2016,pp.109-134.或见William Merrin.Baudrillard and the Media.Cambrdige:Polity,pp.45-62.
[46]德波.景观社会[M].王昭风译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:13.
[47]德波.景观社会[M].王昭风译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:20.
[48]德波.景观社会[M].王昭风译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:18.
[49]Jean Baudrillard.The Consumer Society:Myths and Structures,London:Sage,1998,p.126.
[50]William Merrin.2002.Implosion,simulation and the pseudo-event:a critique of McL uhan.Economy and Society,31:3,369-390.
[51]David Croteau,William Hoynes,Stefania Milan.Media/Society:Industries,Images,and Audiences.London:Sage,2014,pp.303-308.
[52]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:68.
[53]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:92-93.
[54]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:69.
[55]Marshall McL uhan.Understanding Media:The Extensions of Men.Gingko Press,2013,p.151.
[56]Reba N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,282.
[57]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.5.
[58]Daniel Boorstin.Hidden History:Exploring Our Secret Past,New York:Vintage Books,1987.
[2]董天策、郭毅、梁辰曦、何旭.媒介事件的概念建构及其流变[J].新闻与传播研究,2017(10):103-119.
[3]对鲍德里亚影响见William Merrin.Implosion,Simulation and the Pseudo-Event:A Critique of McL uhan.Economy and Society,31:3,2002,pp.369-390.对德堡影响见Olivier Fraysse.“Guy Debord,a Critique of Modernism and Fordism:What Lessons for Today,”in The Spectacle 2.0:Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism,edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano,London:University of Westminster Press,2017,pp.67-79.对洛西科夫影响见Stephanie Viens.The Hyperreality of Daniel Boorstin.Journal of Media Literacy Education,2014,Vol 6,No.2,pp.93-95.对波兹曼影响见《娱乐至死》一书第67-72页。对拉施的影响体现在其《自恋主义文化》一书.
[4]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.9.
[5]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.25-37.
[6]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.38-44.
[7]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.36.
[8]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.49-53.
[9]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.57-58.
[10]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.61-65.
[11]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.66-73.
[12]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.77-117.
[13]布尔斯廷从未明确定义“图像革命”。参酌其多本著作,“图像革命”概指20世纪工业复制技术对图像的批量生产.
[14]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.120.
[15]在布尔斯廷所有著作中“民主(democracy)”都并非在政治学意义上使用,而是带有普及化、大众化、通俗化的意思.
[16]Reba N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[17]Reba N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[18]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.120-177.
[19]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.177.
[20]瓦尔特·本雅明.机械复制时代的艺术作品[M].北京:中国城市出版社,2002,p.90.
[21]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.120-177.
[22]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.182-240.
[23]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.186-187.
[24]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.243.
[25]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.202-204.
[26]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.252.
[27]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.253.
[28]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.255.
[29]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.260.
[30]Daniel Boorstin.“Author’s Note,” in The Daniel J.Boorstin Reader,edited by Ruth F.Boorstin.New York The Modern Library,1995.
[31]Bera N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,p.280.
[32]William van Dusen Wishard.Between Two Ages.Bloomington:Xlibris,2000.
[33]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:461-465.
[34]Daniel Boorstin.Hidden History:Exploring Our Secret Past,New York:Vintage Books,1987:307.
[35]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:480.
[36]William van Dusen Wishard.Between Two Ages.Bloomington:Xlibris,2000,159.
[37]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:650.
[38]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:310-331.
[39]Daniel Boorstin.Hidden History:Exploring Our Secret Past,New York:Vintage Books,1987:818.
[40]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.269.
[41]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷.美国人:民主的历程[M].谢延光译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014:489.
[42]Daniel J.Boorstin.Democracy and Its Discontents:Reflections on Everyday America.New York:Vintage Books,1969,p.1.
[43]Daniel J.Boorstin.Democracy and Its Discontents:Reflections on Everyday America.New York:Vintage Books,1969,p.40.
[44]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image or What Happened to the American Dream.Atheneum:New York,1962:Foreword.
[45]相关论述见John Johnston.“Mass Mediation”,in Brian McH ale edited The Cambridge History of Postmodern Literature,pp.95-111.以及Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman.Journalism and the Philosophy of Truth.New York:Routledge,2016,pp.109-134.或见William Merrin.Baudrillard and the Media.Cambrdige:Polity,pp.45-62.
[46]德波.景观社会[M].王昭风译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:13.
[47]德波.景观社会[M].王昭风译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:20.
[48]德波.景观社会[M].王昭风译.南京:南京大学出版社,2006:18.
[49]Jean Baudrillard.The Consumer Society:Myths and Structures,London:Sage,1998,p.126.
[50]William Merrin.2002.Implosion,simulation and the pseudo-event:a critique of McL uhan.Economy and Society,31:3,369-390.
[51]David Croteau,William Hoynes,Stefania Milan.Media/Society:Industries,Images,and Audiences.London:Sage,2014,pp.303-308.
[52]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:68.
[53]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:92-93.
[54]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:69.
[55]Marshall McL uhan.Understanding Media:The Extensions of Men.Gingko Press,2013,p.151.
[56]Reba N.Soffer.History,Historians,and Conservatism in Britain and America.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,282.
[57]Daniel J.Boorstin.The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.New York:Vintage Books,1992,p.5.
[58]Daniel Boorstin.Hidden History:Exploring Our Secret Past,New York:Vintage Books,1987.