地方志中民间手工艺史料的发掘与利用——以明代织绣为例
|
摘要
实物和文献是古代工艺美术史研究的基本资料,历史上遗存下来的实物总有缺失,从而造成研究的诸多困难,(不光是时间的问题)这在易腐难存的织绣上体现得尤为明显,以文献补充实物不足则是进行该研究行之有效的弥补方法。地方志是不可缺少的一类文献,其中包含的织绣史料简要而确凿,是对彼时造作的真切呈现。在资源丰富的地方志中寻找资源、充实论据,这对工艺美术史的学术发展无疑起到积极的推动作用。然而,目前艺术史领域对地方志的作用与价值还未能有足够深刻的认识,地方志中有重要价值的信息并未被充分发掘,造成莫大的遗憾。地方志对手工业造作的正面记录并不算多,但在地域物产、风俗民情、税课贡赋等内容中时常包含相关的信息。经过梳理和比对,这些信息便能够串连出手工业发展的线索,为工艺美术史的研究提供有价值的资料。手工艺史料主要分布在明清各类地方志的物产、风俗、贡赋等卷中,其中,关于织绣物的则直接或间接记录了其色彩、图案、材质、工艺,是研究明清民间织绣的原始资料。地方志中的手工艺史料有清晰的地域和时间信息,依照时间顺序纵向对比,可以总结出其审美风气之变迁;依照地域线索横向对比,则可归纳出其生产分布之格局,具有其他类史料难以比拟的优势。由于地方志编纂水平并不整齐,史料价值高下悬殊,利用地方志须有甄别和选择。
Material and literature are basic information for researching the history of ancient arts and crafts.Since historical material objects tend to be missing,it's hard to establish a complete time sequence,which is particularly evident in perishable embroideries which are difficult to preserve. Therefore,it's an effective remedy to supplement material objects with literature. Local chorographyisan indispensable source of literature,among which historical data about embroidery are brief and reliable,and the achievement of the times are realistically presented. By seeking resources and consolidatingarguments from the rich chorography,development of the studies of history of arts and craft can be advanced. Also,learning from history and understanding multiple local cultures have tremendous implications for the protection of Chinese intangible cultural heritages.However,current art history scholars haven't had sufficient deep understandings of the roles and values of the local chorography. Some valuable information is still waiting to be exploited. What a great shame. So,by taking the Ming embroidery techniques as an example,this paper systematically summarizes and sorts out related historical materials in chorography in the Ming and Qing dynasties. By taking all prefecture and county chorography from the Hongwu Period to the Chongzhen Period in the Ming Dynasty as main literature,as well as combining with several local chorography of the Qing Dynasty,this paper givesa vivid presence of the weaving world in the Ming Dynasty with considerations of the productive facility,fabric variety,color,pattern,usage,clothing,atmosphere change and other. These historical data,which directly or indirectly keep a record of color,pattern,texture and craft of the time,are mainly found in products,customs and tributes records etc. of various local chronicles and are raw data of researching folk embroideries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Historical data of handicraft in chorographyprovide clear geographical and temporal information. Therefore,the evolution of aesthetic appreciation taste can be summarized through longitudinal comparison in the chronological order; the pattern of production distribution can be summed up through lateral comparison in accordance with the region. The historical data of handicraft from chorography is better than any otherhistorical data,and if the data can be read and studied systematically,it would be very conducive for the research of the history of arts and handicraft.
Material and literature are basic information for researching the history of ancient arts and crafts.Since historical material objects tend to be missing,it's hard to establish a complete time sequence,which is particularly evident in perishable embroideries which are difficult to preserve. Therefore,it's an effective remedy to supplement material objects with literature. Local chorographyisan indispensable source of literature,among which historical data about embroidery are brief and reliable,and the achievement of the times are realistically presented. By seeking resources and consolidatingarguments from the rich chorography,development of the studies of history of arts and craft can be advanced. Also,learning from history and understanding multiple local cultures have tremendous implications for the protection of Chinese intangible cultural heritages.However,current art history scholars haven't had sufficient deep understandings of the roles and values of the local chorography. Some valuable information is still waiting to be exploited. What a great shame. So,by taking the Ming embroidery techniques as an example,this paper systematically summarizes and sorts out related historical materials in chorography in the Ming and Qing dynasties. By taking all prefecture and county chorography from the Hongwu Period to the Chongzhen Period in the Ming Dynasty as main literature,as well as combining with several local chorography of the Qing Dynasty,this paper givesa vivid presence of the weaving world in the Ming Dynasty with considerations of the productive facility,fabric variety,color,pattern,usage,clothing,atmosphere change and other. These historical data,which directly or indirectly keep a record of color,pattern,texture and craft of the time,are mainly found in products,customs and tributes records etc. of various local chronicles and are raw data of researching folk embroideries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Historical data of handicraft in chorographyprovide clear geographical and temporal information. Therefore,the evolution of aesthetic appreciation taste can be summarized through longitudinal comparison in the chronological order; the pattern of production distribution can be summed up through lateral comparison in accordance with the region. The historical data of handicraft from chorography is better than any otherhistorical data,and if the data can be read and studied systematically,it would be very conducive for the research of the history of arts and handicraft.
引文
[1][明]卢熊.(洪武)苏州府志:卷四十二[A].中国方志丛书·华中地方(第432号)[C].台北:成文出版社,1983.Lu Xiong,Hongwu Suzhou Zhi Volume 42,Chinese local chronicles series of Huazhong No.432,Taipei:Cheng Wen Publishing House,1983,p.1724.
[2][明]王鏊.(正德)姑苏志:卷十四[A].天一阁藏明代地方志选刊续编一一[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Wang Ao,Zhengde Suzhou Zhi Volume 14,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion11,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.964-965.
[3][明]陈继儒等.(崇祯)松江府志:卷七[M].北京:书目文献出版社,1991.Chen Jiru,et al.Chongzhen Songjiang Fu Zhi Volume7,Beijing:Shu Mu Document Publishing House,1991,p.403.
[4][明]莫尚简,张岳.(嘉靖)惠安县志:卷五[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊(43)[C].上海:上海古籍书店,1982.Mo Shangjian,Zhang Yue,Jiajing Huian Xian Zhi Volume 5,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion 43,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,1982,p.105.
[5][清]褚华.沪城备考(附录)[A].中国方志丛书·华中地方(404号)[C].台北:成文出版社,1983.Chu Hua,Shanghai Bei Kao appendix,Chinese local chronicles series of Huazhong No.404,Taipei:Cheng Wen Publishing House,1983,p.857.
[6][明]喻政.(万历)福州府志:卷三七[M].福州:海风出版社,2001.Yu Zheng,Wanli Fuzhou Fu Zhi Volume 37,Fuzhou:Hai Feng Publishing House,2001,p.349.
[7][明]沈尧中等.(万历)嘉兴府志:卷二[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2013.Shen Yaozhong,et al,Wanli Jiaxing Fu Zhi Volume 2,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,2013,p.14.
[8][明]田艺蘅.留青日札:卷三十一[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1992.Tian Yiheng,Liu Qing Ri Zha Volume 31,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,1992,p.993.
[9][明]陈诚.西域番国志[A].西域行程记/西域番国志/咸宝录[M].北京:中华书局,2000.Chen Cheng,Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi,Xi Yu Xing Cheng Ji/Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi/Xian Bao Lu,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2000,p.23.
[10]王允丽等.清代羽毛纱纤维材质研究[J].故宫学刊,2011,(00).Wang Yunli,et al,Feather Yarn Fiber Material Research of Qing Dynasty,Imperial Palace Journal,No 00,2011,p.319-338.
[11][清]蔡蓉升.(同治)双林镇志:卷十六[A].中国地方志集成·乡镇志专辑(22(下))[C].上海:上海书店,1992.Cai Rongsheng,Tongzhi Shuanglin Zhen Zhi Volume16,Chinese Local Chronicles-township Album 22B,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1992,p.564.
[12][清]宗源瀚等.(同治)湖州府志:卷三十三[A].中国地方志集成·浙江府县志辑(24)[C].上海:上海书店,1993.Zong Yuanhan,et al,Tongzhi Huzhou Fu Zhi Volume33,Chinese Local Chronicles-Prefecture Records of Zhejiang24,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1993,p.621.
[13][明]黎晨,李默.(嘉靖)宁国府志:卷六[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊(30)[M].上海:上海古籍书店,1982.Li Chen,Li Mo,Jiajing Ningguo Fu Zhi Volume 6,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion30,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,1982.
[14][明]李东阳,申时行等.(万历)大明会典:卷二百一[M].扬州:广陵古籍刻印社,1989.Li Dongyang,Shen Shixing,et al,Wanli Da Ming Hui Dian Volume 210,Yangzhou:Guangling Ancient Works Seal Press,1989,p.2706.
[15][明]陈威,顾清.(正德)松江府志:卷四[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编(五)[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Chen Wei,Gu Qing,Zhengde Songjiang Fu Zhi Volume 4,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion5,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.214-215.
[16][明]丘时庸.(嘉靖)泾县志:卷二[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编三六[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Qiu Shiyong,Jiajing Jing Xian Zhi Volume 2,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion36,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.80.
[17][明]于慎行.(万历)兖州府志:卷三一[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编五五[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Yu Shenxing,Wanli Yanzhou Fu Zhi Volume 31,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion55,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.500.
1中国方志库网址:http://www.er07.com/spring/ffront/productinfo/find By Id?id=19
2国家图书馆数字方志网址:http://mylib.nlc.gov.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi
[2][明]王鏊.(正德)姑苏志:卷十四[A].天一阁藏明代地方志选刊续编一一[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Wang Ao,Zhengde Suzhou Zhi Volume 14,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion11,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.964-965.
[3][明]陈继儒等.(崇祯)松江府志:卷七[M].北京:书目文献出版社,1991.Chen Jiru,et al.Chongzhen Songjiang Fu Zhi Volume7,Beijing:Shu Mu Document Publishing House,1991,p.403.
[4][明]莫尚简,张岳.(嘉靖)惠安县志:卷五[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊(43)[C].上海:上海古籍书店,1982.Mo Shangjian,Zhang Yue,Jiajing Huian Xian Zhi Volume 5,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion 43,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,1982,p.105.
[5][清]褚华.沪城备考(附录)[A].中国方志丛书·华中地方(404号)[C].台北:成文出版社,1983.Chu Hua,Shanghai Bei Kao appendix,Chinese local chronicles series of Huazhong No.404,Taipei:Cheng Wen Publishing House,1983,p.857.
[6][明]喻政.(万历)福州府志:卷三七[M].福州:海风出版社,2001.Yu Zheng,Wanli Fuzhou Fu Zhi Volume 37,Fuzhou:Hai Feng Publishing House,2001,p.349.
[7][明]沈尧中等.(万历)嘉兴府志:卷二[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2013.Shen Yaozhong,et al,Wanli Jiaxing Fu Zhi Volume 2,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,2013,p.14.
[8][明]田艺蘅.留青日札:卷三十一[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1992.Tian Yiheng,Liu Qing Ri Zha Volume 31,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,1992,p.993.
[9][明]陈诚.西域番国志[A].西域行程记/西域番国志/咸宝录[M].北京:中华书局,2000.Chen Cheng,Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi,Xi Yu Xing Cheng Ji/Xi Yu Fan Guo Zhi/Xian Bao Lu,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2000,p.23.
[10]王允丽等.清代羽毛纱纤维材质研究[J].故宫学刊,2011,(00).Wang Yunli,et al,Feather Yarn Fiber Material Research of Qing Dynasty,Imperial Palace Journal,No 00,2011,p.319-338.
[11][清]蔡蓉升.(同治)双林镇志:卷十六[A].中国地方志集成·乡镇志专辑(22(下))[C].上海:上海书店,1992.Cai Rongsheng,Tongzhi Shuanglin Zhen Zhi Volume16,Chinese Local Chronicles-township Album 22B,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1992,p.564.
[12][清]宗源瀚等.(同治)湖州府志:卷三十三[A].中国地方志集成·浙江府县志辑(24)[C].上海:上海书店,1993.Zong Yuanhan,et al,Tongzhi Huzhou Fu Zhi Volume33,Chinese Local Chronicles-Prefecture Records of Zhejiang24,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1993,p.621.
[13][明]黎晨,李默.(嘉靖)宁国府志:卷六[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊(30)[M].上海:上海古籍书店,1982.Li Chen,Li Mo,Jiajing Ningguo Fu Zhi Volume 6,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion30,Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House,1982.
[14][明]李东阳,申时行等.(万历)大明会典:卷二百一[M].扬州:广陵古籍刻印社,1989.Li Dongyang,Shen Shixing,et al,Wanli Da Ming Hui Dian Volume 210,Yangzhou:Guangling Ancient Works Seal Press,1989,p.2706.
[15][明]陈威,顾清.(正德)松江府志:卷四[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编(五)[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Chen Wei,Gu Qing,Zhengde Songjiang Fu Zhi Volume 4,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion5,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.214-215.
[16][明]丘时庸.(嘉靖)泾县志:卷二[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编三六[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Qiu Shiyong,Jiajing Jing Xian Zhi Volume 2,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion36,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.80.
[17][明]于慎行.(万历)兖州府志:卷三一[A].天一阁藏明代方志选刊续编五五[C].上海:上海书店,1990.Yu Shenxing,Wanli Yanzhou Fu Zhi Volume 31,Ming Dynasty Chorography Offprint Stored by Tianyi Pavilion55,Shanghai:Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House,1990,p.500.
1中国方志库网址:http://www.er07.com/spring/ffront/productinfo/find By Id?id=19
2国家图书馆数字方志网址:http://mylib.nlc.gov.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi