语言演化渐变论与突变论的对立与兼容
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摘要
语言的物种特征必然要求语言起源和演化解释。渐变论以达尔文主义为基础,认为语言是人类在演化过程中为应对各种生存压力而逐渐获得的适应能力,最终陷入演化功能目的论陷阱;突变论以新达尔文主义为基础,认为句法合并是个体基因突变,但否认了前体单元或原型语言。语言演化需从根本上回答语言和其它动物交际方式之间的非连续问题。语言演化是渐变过程中的突变,合并是人类获得的没有跨语言差异的可遗传生物机能,原型语言或前体单元等则是渐变,语言演变表明了表型的发育可塑性。语言渐变和突变的兼容符合现代控制论和系统论思想,超越了外在主义和内在主义的二元对立。
The species property of language necessarily demands an origin and evolution account. Based on Darwinism,incremental theory,which argues that language is adaptive capacity that human gradually obtains during evolution to deal with various surviving pressures,ultimately falls into the traps of evolutionary teleology,while saltational theory,which argues,based on neo-Darwinism,that syntactic merge results from individual gene mutation,excludes the existence of protolanguage or language precursor. Language evolution,with the aim of solving discontinuity problem between language and other animals' communication means,is saltational in the incremental process,during which human obtained merge,a heritable biology capacity without cross-language difference,and protolanguage resulted from a saltational process. Moreover language change manifests plasticity of phonotype development. The compatibility between incremental and saltational theory,which is in line with the requirements of modern control theory and systems theory,surmounts binary oppositions between externalism and internalism.
The species property of language necessarily demands an origin and evolution account. Based on Darwinism,incremental theory,which argues that language is adaptive capacity that human gradually obtains during evolution to deal with various surviving pressures,ultimately falls into the traps of evolutionary teleology,while saltational theory,which argues,based on neo-Darwinism,that syntactic merge results from individual gene mutation,excludes the existence of protolanguage or language precursor. Language evolution,with the aim of solving discontinuity problem between language and other animals' communication means,is saltational in the incremental process,during which human obtained merge,a heritable biology capacity without cross-language difference,and protolanguage resulted from a saltational process. Moreover language change manifests plasticity of phonotype development. The compatibility between incremental and saltational theory,which is in line with the requirements of modern control theory and systems theory,surmounts binary oppositions between externalism and internalism.
引文
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[2] Berwick,R.&N. Chomsky. Why Only Us[M]. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2016.
[3]Belder,M.&J. Craenenbroeck. How to merge a root[J]. Linguistic Inquiry,2015(4):625-655.
[4]Bickerton,D. Language and Species[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1990.
[5]Bickerton,D. More than Nature Needs[M]. Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2014.
[6]Binkofski,F.&G. Bucciono. Motor functions of the Broca’s region[J]. Brain and Language,2004(2):362-389.
[7] Boeckx,C. Elementary Syntactic Structures[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2015.
[8]Chomsky,N. Three factors in language design[J]. Linguistics Inquiry,2005(1):1-22.
[9] Chomsky,N. Language and other cognitive system[J]. Language Learning and Development,2011(7):263-278.
[10]Chomsky,N. The language capacity:Architecture and evolution[J].Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,2017(1):200-203.
[11]Christiansen,M. H.&N. Chater. Creating Language[M]. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2016.
[12]Diez del Corral,R.&K. G. Storey. Markers in vertebrate neurogenesis[J]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2001(2):835-839.
[13]Fitch,W. T. The Evolution of Language[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010.
[14]Hauser,M. D.,N. Chomsky&T. Fitch. The faculty of language:What is it,who has it,and how does it evolve?[J]. Science,2002(298):1569-1579.
[15]Heine,B.&T. Kuteva. The Genesis of Grammar[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007.
[16]Jackendoff,R. Foundations of Language[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002.
[17]Jacob,F. Evolution and tinkering[J]. Science,1977(196):1161-1166.
[18]Kinsella,A. R. Language Evolution and Syntactic Theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009.
[19]Mac Whinney,B. Language evolution and human development[A].In Ellis,B.&F. Bjorklund(eds.). Origins of the Social Mind[C].New York:The Gulford Press,2005:383-410.
[20]Pagel,M. Human language as a culturally transmitted replicator[J].Nature Reviews Genetics,2009(10):405-415.
[21]Pinker,S.&P. Bloom. Natural language and natural selection[J].Behavioral and Brain Science,1990(4):707-784.
[22]Progovac,L. Evolutionary Syntax[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
[23]Stromswold,K. The genetics of speech and language impairments[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine,2008(22):2381-2383.
[24]Tallerman,M. Did our ancestors speak a holistic protolanguage?[J]. Lingua,2007(3):579-604.
[25]Tomasello,M. Origins of Human Communication[M]. Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2008.
[26]程工.层级结构和线性顺序之新探[J].外语教学,2018(1):1-7.
[27]达尔文.人类的由来[M].潘光旦,胡寿文,译.北京:商务印书馆,1997a.
[28]达尔文.物种起源[M].周建人,等译.北京:商务印书馆,1997b.
[29]赫尔德.论语言的起源[M].姚小平,译.北京:商务印书馆,1998.
[30]施莱歇尔著,姚小平,译.达尔文理论和语言学[J].方言,2008(4):373-383.
[31]姚小平.洪堡特——人文精神和语言研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995.
[32]曾晓渝.语言接触的类型差距及语言质变现象的理论探讨[J].语言科学,2012(1):1-8.
[33]杨烈祥.唯递归论的跨语言比较研究述评[J].外语教学与研究,2012(1):54-64.
[34]杨烈祥,伍雅清.原则与参数理论的生物语言学批评[J].外国语,2018(3):23-30.