斯宾诺莎的神即自然实体的多面孔杂糅的哲学
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摘要
斯宾诺萨哲学的基本倾向虽然具有自然一元论的特色,但是同时又杂糅着神和心物二元论的泛灵论的观念,另外还交织着某些形而上学和辩证法的思想。他把神自然化;他提出宇宙实在的整体不可分,但同时又承认宇宙中的每个具体的事物由于具有个性差异又具有相对可分的整体性;他对那种仅仅在量的方面去思考宇宙无限性的观点提出了批评,他强调应当从质的多样性和永恒性的方面来阐明宇宙的无限性;他割裂了事物内因和外因的关系,把自因单向的归于那个大而无外的神,而把外因单向的归于神内之物;他否定自由意志、排斥偶然性,把自由和偶然统一到必然性之中而简单地消解掉了。
Spinoza'basic philosophy had the character of natural monism,but at the same time,combines God and dualism animism of mind and matter,as well as some metaphysics and dialectic thoughts.He naturalized God,and proposed that the whole universe couldn't be separated,but at the same time recognized the integrity of being relatively separable because of the personality differences in every specific thing in the whole universe. He criticized the theory which just thought of the infinite universe in terms of the quantity viewpoint. He emphasized to illustrate the infinite universe by the multiplicity and imperishability of the quality. He separated the relationship between internal and external causes of things,and attributed the internal causes to big nothing God,the external causes to the things within God. He denied the free will,rejected the contingency,unified the freedom and contingency to inevitability and then made the two parts dispel out.
Spinoza'basic philosophy had the character of natural monism,but at the same time,combines God and dualism animism of mind and matter,as well as some metaphysics and dialectic thoughts.He naturalized God,and proposed that the whole universe couldn't be separated,but at the same time recognized the integrity of being relatively separable because of the personality differences in every specific thing in the whole universe. He criticized the theory which just thought of the infinite universe in terms of the quantity viewpoint. He emphasized to illustrate the infinite universe by the multiplicity and imperishability of the quality. He separated the relationship between internal and external causes of things,and attributed the internal causes to big nothing God,the external causes to the things within God. He denied the free will,rejected the contingency,unified the freedom and contingency to inevitability and then made the two parts dispel out.
引文
[1][3][4][7][8][11][14][16][18][19][22][23][26][27][28][31][32]北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室.西方哲学原著选辑:十六-十八世纪西欧各国哲学[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1958:165+171-173+196-168,188+171,172,174-175,188,169+178,168+188+178+181,196,186+197,186-188+191+198,198,191+164+184+187+207,197-198+200-201,199,202-203,203,213-215.
[2][5][6][9][10][15][17][20][21][24][25][30]斯宾诺莎.斯宾诺莎书信集[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009:171,159-160,158,译序5-6,59-61,257,257-259,257,257-259,340+313,275+160,274.
[12]黑格尔.哲学史讲演录(第四卷)[M].贺麟,王太庆,译.北京:商务印书馆,1978:107.
[13]恩格斯.自然辩证法[M].于光远,等,译.北京:人民出版社,1984:21.
[29](荷兰)斯宾诺萨.知性改进论[M].贺麟,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009:35,32.
[2][5][6][9][10][15][17][20][21][24][25][30]斯宾诺莎.斯宾诺莎书信集[M].北京:商务印书馆,2009:171,159-160,158,译序5-6,59-61,257,257-259,257,257-259,340+313,275+160,274.
[12]黑格尔.哲学史讲演录(第四卷)[M].贺麟,王太庆,译.北京:商务印书馆,1978:107.
[13]恩格斯.自然辩证法[M].于光远,等,译.北京:人民出版社,1984:21.
[29](荷兰)斯宾诺萨.知性改进论[M].贺麟,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009:35,32.