长江口微塑料时空分布及风险评价
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摘要
2017年春季、夏季在长江口附近海域进行采样,并对表层沉积物中微塑料的空间与时间分布规律进行了定性与定量的分析,利用污染负荷指数评价微塑料污染的风险程度.结果表明微塑料的浓度分布在季节变化上表现出明显的差异,在降水量丰富的夏季,微塑料的含量普遍更高;相同季节不同站点之间无明显的浓度分布差异,降水量对海洋微塑料的时空分布具有明显的影响.杭州湾海域在夏季期间微塑料浓度最高,为(39.33±14.34)particles/kg(DW).微塑料的长度多在0.07～1.0mm之间,颜色丰富,形态主要为纤维状.傅里叶显微红外光谱仪检测出样品中含有的微塑料种类有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺,其中聚乙烯是主要的微塑料多聚物类型.运用污染负荷指数对微塑料的污染程度进行评价,长江口–杭州湾及其邻近海域的微塑料污染较轻.
There has been a recent focus on microplastics(<5 mm) because of their presence in different environmental media. The spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in the surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary were investigated in March and July 2017. Sampling was conducted at 17 stations covering the north passage and south passage of the Changjiang Estuary, East China Sea and Hangzhou bay. Among these sampling stations, the highest concentration of microplastics was(39.33±14.34)particles/kg(DW) in the Hangzhou bay in summer. There was no significant difference in spatial distribution of microplastics. The amount of precipitation was highly related with the abundance of microplastics, which showd higher concentrations in summer than in spring. The size, color, shape and composition of microplastics were classified. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that there were several types of microplastics existing in sediments, including polyethylene,polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, and polystyrene, among them, polyethylene was the main type. The method of pollution load index was used to assess the degree of microplastic pollution. Overall, the Changjiang Estuary-Hangzhou bay and its adjacent areas were less polluted by microplastics.
There has been a recent focus on microplastics(<5 mm) because of their presence in different environmental media. The spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in the surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary were investigated in March and July 2017. Sampling was conducted at 17 stations covering the north passage and south passage of the Changjiang Estuary, East China Sea and Hangzhou bay. Among these sampling stations, the highest concentration of microplastics was(39.33±14.34)particles/kg(DW) in the Hangzhou bay in summer. There was no significant difference in spatial distribution of microplastics. The amount of precipitation was highly related with the abundance of microplastics, which showd higher concentrations in summer than in spring. The size, color, shape and composition of microplastics were classified. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that there were several types of microplastics existing in sediments, including polyethylene,polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, and polystyrene, among them, polyethylene was the main type. The method of pollution load index was used to assess the degree of microplastic pollution. Overall, the Changjiang Estuary-Hangzhou bay and its adjacent areas were less polluted by microplastics.
引文
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[30] Su L, Cai H W, Kolandhasamy P, et al. Using the Asian clam as an indicator of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018,234:347-355.
[31] Romeo T,Pietro B, Peda C,et al. First evidence of presence of plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,95(1):358-361.
[32] Zhang C F, Zhou H H, Cui Y Z,et al. Microplastics in offshore sediment in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, China[J].Environmental Pollution, 2019,244:827-833.
[33] Cai M Q He H X,Liu M Y,et al. Lost but can't be neglected:Huge quantities of small microplastics hide in the South China Sea[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2018,633:1206-1216.
[34] Phillips M B, Bonner T H, Occurrence and amount of microplastic ingested by fishes in watersheds of the Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,100(1):264-269.
[35] OECD. Emission scenario document on plastic additives[R]. Paris:OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, 2004.
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[37] Zhao J M, Ra W, Teng J, et al. Microplastic pollution in sediments from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,640-641:637-645.
[2] Barnes D K, Galgani F, Thompson R C, et al. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments[J].Philosophical Transactions B, 2009,364:1985-1998.
[3] Isobe K,Uchida T,Tokai S, et al. East Asian seas:a hot spot of pelagic microplastics[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,101:618-623.
[4] Peng G Y, Zhu B S, Yang D Q, et al. Microplastics in sediments of the Changjiang estuary, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,225:283-290.
[5] Su L, Xue L, Li L, et al. Microplastics in Taihu lake, China[J].Environmental Pollution, 2016,216:711-719.
[6] Lusher A L, McHugh M,Thompson R C, Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013,67:94-99.
[7] Lisbeth Van C, Michiel C, Michiel B V, et al. Microplastics are taken up by mussels(Mytilus edulis)and lugworms(Arenicola marina)living in natural habitats[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015,199:10-17.
[8] Zettler E R, Mincer T J,Amaral-Zettler L A,Life in the"Plastisphere":Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2013,47:7137-7146.
[9] Xu B L, Liu F, Philip C B, et al. The sorption kinetics and isotherms of sulfamethoxazole with polyethylene microplastics[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2018,131:191-196.
[10] Plastics-the Facts 2016, an Analysis of European PlasticsProduction, Demand and Waste Data[R]. Belgium Plastics Europe,2016.
[11]国家海洋局东海分局,2015年东海区海洋环境公报[M]. 2016:47-48.State Oceanic Administration, Bulletin of China Marine Environmental Status in 2015[M]. 2016:47-48.
[12] Zhao S Y, Zhu L X, Wang T, et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China:first observations on occurrence, distribution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014,86:562-568.
[13] Zhao S Y, Zhu L X, Li D J, Microplastic in three urban estuaries,China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015,206:597-604.
[14] Zhang W W.,Zhang S F,Wang J Y,et al. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,231:541-548.
[15] Wang G, Peng J, Hao T, et al. Distribution and region-specific sources of Dechlorane Plus in marine sediments from the coastal East China Sea[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,573:389-396.
[16] Besseling E, Quik J T,Sun M,et al. Fate of nano-and microplastic in freshwater systems:A modeling study[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,220:540-548.
[17] Yu X B, Peng J P, Wang J D, et al. Occurrence of microplastics in the beach sand of the Chinese inner sea:the Bohai Sea[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016,214:722-730.
[18]章伟艳,张霄宇,金海燕.长江口-杭州湾及其邻近海域沉积动力环境及物源分析[J].地理学报,2013,68(5):640-650.Zhang W Y, Zhang X Y,Jin H Y,et al.Dynamic sedimentary environment and the provenance characteristics in Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(5):640-650.
[19]刘红,何青,孟翊,等,长江口表层沉积物分布特征及动力响应[J].地理学报,2007,62(1):81-92.Liu H, He Q, Meng Y, et al. Characteristics of surface sediment distribution and its hydrodynamic responses in the Yangtze River Estuary[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007,62(1):81-92.
[20]付桂.长江口径流来沙量减少对河口含沙量的影响[J].水运工程,2018,(5):137-144.Fu G. Influence on sediment concentration in the Yangtze estuary from decrease of runoff sediment discharge in the Yangtze River[J]. Port&Waterway Engineering, 2018,(5):137-144.
[21] Tomlinson D L, Wilson J G, Harris C R, et al. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index[J]. Helgol nder Meeresuntersuchungen, 1980,33(1-4):566-575.
[22] Yu X B, Ladewig S, Bao S W, et al. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics at selected coastal sites along the southeastern United States[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,613-614:298-305.
[23] Andrady A L, Microplastics in the marine environment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011,62(8):1596-1605.
[24]应铭,季岚,周海.长江口北槽12.5m深水航道回淤的物理过程[J].水运工程,2017,(11):77-85.Ying M, Ji L, Zhou H. Siltation physical process of the Yangtze Estuary North Passage 12.5m Deep-draft Channel J]. Port&Waterway Engineering, 2017,(11):77-85.
[25] Peng G Y, Xu P, Zhu B B,et al. Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China:A case study of risk assessment in mega-cities[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018,234:448-456.
[26] Browne M A, Galloway T S,Thompson R C,Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2010,44:3404-3409.
[27]白濛雨,赵世烨,彭谷雨,等.城市污水处理过程中微塑料赋存特征[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(5):1734-1743.Bai M Y, Zhao S Y, Peng G Y, et al. Occurrence, characteristics of microplastic during urban sewage treatment process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(5):1734-1743.
[28] Carpenter E J, Anderson S J, Harvey G R, et al. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters[J].Science, 1972,178:749-50.
[29] Qu X Y, Su L, Li H X, et al. Assessing the relationship between the abundance and properties of microplastics in water and in mussels[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2018,621:679-686.
[30] Su L, Cai H W, Kolandhasamy P, et al. Using the Asian clam as an indicator of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018,234:347-355.
[31] Romeo T,Pietro B, Peda C,et al. First evidence of presence of plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,95(1):358-361.
[32] Zhang C F, Zhou H H, Cui Y Z,et al. Microplastics in offshore sediment in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, China[J].Environmental Pollution, 2019,244:827-833.
[33] Cai M Q He H X,Liu M Y,et al. Lost but can't be neglected:Huge quantities of small microplastics hide in the South China Sea[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2018,633:1206-1216.
[34] Phillips M B, Bonner T H, Occurrence and amount of microplastic ingested by fishes in watersheds of the Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015,100(1):264-269.
[35] OECD. Emission scenario document on plastic additives[R]. Paris:OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, 2004.
[36] Delilah L,Larsson A, Dave G, Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2011,409(18):3309-3324.
[37] Zhao J M, Ra W, Teng J, et al. Microplastic pollution in sediments from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,640-641:637-645.