林业碳汇交易可借鉴的国际经验
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摘要
发达经济体在利用林业碳汇实现温室气体减排目标的市场化运作方面有很多值得研究的做法。本文运用比较分析的方法,对加拿大英属哥伦比亚省政府注资建立的太平洋碳信托基金进行研究。分析基金的基本运行模式,归纳基金实施林业碳汇项目过程中可供我国借鉴的做法,总结其将林业碳汇纳入温室气体减排方案的经验。在此基础上,分析了我国目前实施林业碳汇项目的意义和林业碳汇作为减排手段的优势,以及实施林业碳汇项目中遇到的问题——资金来源渠道单一、林业碳汇供需不畅、林业碳汇未纳入碳交易试点方案以及森林经营水平亟待提高等,提出应通过建立专业机构拓宽我国林业碳汇项目资金来源,发挥专业机构功能理顺林业碳汇的供需不畅问题,把林业碳汇产生碳权纳入当前碳交易试点方案以及加快研制森林经营增汇减排方法学的研究。针对太平洋碳信托基金碳权项目实施和碳权交易运作中存在的信息不对称和逆向选择、经济效率不高及公平性问题,提出我国实施项目时应对类似问题加以重视。
The advanced economies have a lot of valuable experiences in the market operation of using forest carbon sink to ensure the reduction target of Greenhouse Gas. To compare the situation in British Columbia Province of Canada and China,the paper takes the Pacific Carbon Trust established in British Columbia Province and its functioning pattern as the study case. Based on the analysis and summary of the forest carbon sink project carried out by the Trust,some valuable experiences are induced about how to exploit forest carbon sink to realize the reduction of Greenhouse Gas. Meanwhile,the analysis is made on the meaning of carrying out forest carbon sink project and on the advantage of forest carbon sink as reduction method. After discussing the current problems in carrying out the project in China,which includes single way of capital source,difficulty in both supply and demand,exclusion from the trial scheme of carbon trade and the laggard level of forest management,some suggestions are proposed,such as increasing the capital sources by establishing professional institutes,exploiting the function of these institutes to solve the problem of supply and demand,integrating the offset from forest carbon sink into the trial scheme of carbon trade,and studying the methodology and management of carbon sink forest.In the end,based on some problems in the operation of Pacific Carbon Trust,some concern is given on how to deal with the information asymmetry and reverse selection,low economic efficiency and problem of fairness.
The advanced economies have a lot of valuable experiences in the market operation of using forest carbon sink to ensure the reduction target of Greenhouse Gas. To compare the situation in British Columbia Province of Canada and China,the paper takes the Pacific Carbon Trust established in British Columbia Province and its functioning pattern as the study case. Based on the analysis and summary of the forest carbon sink project carried out by the Trust,some valuable experiences are induced about how to exploit forest carbon sink to realize the reduction of Greenhouse Gas. Meanwhile,the analysis is made on the meaning of carrying out forest carbon sink project and on the advantage of forest carbon sink as reduction method. After discussing the current problems in carrying out the project in China,which includes single way of capital source,difficulty in both supply and demand,exclusion from the trial scheme of carbon trade and the laggard level of forest management,some suggestions are proposed,such as increasing the capital sources by establishing professional institutes,exploiting the function of these institutes to solve the problem of supply and demand,integrating the offset from forest carbon sink into the trial scheme of carbon trade,and studying the methodology and management of carbon sink forest.In the end,based on some problems in the operation of Pacific Carbon Trust,some concern is given on how to deal with the information asymmetry and reverse selection,low economic efficiency and problem of fairness.
引文
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[2]BC Ministry of the Environment.British Columbia:Climate action for the 21st Century[R].2010.
[3]BC Government.Carbon Neutral Government Regulation B.C.Reg.392/2008[R].Queen’s Printer,Victoria,British Columbia,Canada,2008.
[4]Chandra A,Gulati S,Kandlikar M.Green Drivers or Free Fiders?An Analysis of Tax Rebates for Hybrid Vehicles[J].Journal of Environment Economics and Management,2010,60(2):78-93.
[5]PCT.Guidance Document to the BC Emission Offsets Regulation v2.0[R].PCT,2010.
[6]Gibbon A,O’Brien J,Cathro J.Validation Assessment Report for:The Nature Conservancy Canada Darkwoods Carbon Forest Project in Nelson,BC[R].Verified Carbon Standard,2011.
[7]BC Government.Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act,S.B.C.2007,c.42[S].Queen’s Printer,Victoria,British Columbia,Canada,2007.
[8]Grosche P,Vance C.Willingness to Pay for Energy Conservation and Free-ridership on Subsidization:Evidence from Germany[J].The Energy Journal,2009,30(2),135-153.
[9]Jaccard M,Griffin B.BC’s Carbon Neutral Public Sector:Too Good to Be True?Unpublished Manuscript[EB].Retrieved Oct 19,2011,http://www.sfu.ca/content/dam/sfu/pamr/pdfs/CarbonNeutral%20BC%20Govt%20Jaccard%20Griffin%20July%2015%202011.pdf.
[10]Loughran D,Kulick J.Demand-side Management and Energy Efficiency in the United States[J].The Energy Journal,2004,25(1),19-43.
[11]PCT.Pacific Carbon Trust Annual Service Plan Report 2010/2011[R].Pacific Carbon Trust,2011.
[12]PCT.Pacific Carbon Trust Delivers First Offsets[J].Enviromation,2009,58:503.
[13]Parfitt B.Hypothetical Offsets May not Really be There[N].Vancouver Sun,2011.
[14]PCT.Portfolio:Pacific Carbon Trust[EB].Retrieved October 19,2011,from www.pacificcarbontrust.com/.
[15]BC Government.Protocol for the Creation of Forest Carbon Offsets in British Columbia[S].B.C.Reg.393/2008.2011.
[16]PCT.Shareholder’s Letter of Expectations between the Minister of Finance and the Chair of the Pacific Carbon Trust[R].Pacific Carbon Trust,2011.
[17]Train K,Atherton P.Rebates,Loans,and Customers’Choice of Appliance Efficiency Level:Combining Stated and Revealedpreference Data[J].Energy Journal,1995,16(1),55-69.
[18]罗伯特·S·平狄克,丹尼尔·L·鲁宾菲尔德.微观经济学(第六版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.[Robert S P,Daniel L R.Microelectronics,6thedition[M].Beijing:China People’s University Publishing House,2006.]