基于Forest-DNDC的长白山阔叶红松林土壤碳氮温室气体通量的模拟研究（英文）
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摘要
土壤温室气体排放是土壤与大气之间的温室气体交换的重要途径,但对土壤温室气体排放动态变化的理解和收支水平的估算仍存在较大的不确定性。基于动态箱原位监测的高频、连续土壤温室气体通量数据,本研究初步检验了生物地球化学模型(Forest-DNDC)对长白山阔叶红松林(CBF)土壤CH_4、CO_2和N_2O温室气体通量的模拟效果。结果显示,当前版本的Forest-DNDC可以反演得到土壤温度、土壤湿度和积雪等主要环境要素的总体变化趋势,但是对于环境要素季节变化的准确模拟尚存在较明显偏差,特别是在非生长季节。模拟得到的土壤CH_4通量与监测结果相当接近,并且受到了土壤温度和积雪变化的显著调控。受温度变化的影响,模拟CO_2通量的季节变化与测定值相似,均在夏季达到高峰,但模拟的土壤CO_2排放量明显小于实际测定结果。与监测的土壤N_2O通量在春季冻融期间出现排放高峰的变化显著不同的是,模拟土壤N_2O通量主要受温度变化的影响,其最大值出现在夏季。因此,有必要结合更长时段的土壤温室气体监测数据,进一步优化模型参数与过程,特别是土壤水热传导和温室气体的产生过程等,为模拟改进和生态系统碳氮收支评估,以及从站点到区域的扩展提供支撑。
Fluctuations in soil greenhouse gas(GHG)are an important part of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon-nitrogen cycle,but uncertainties remain about the dynamic change and budget assessment of soil GHG flux.Using high frequency and consecutive soil GHG fluxes measured with an automatic dynamic chamber system,we tested the applicability of the current Forest-DNDC model in simulating soil CH_4,CO_2 and N_2O fluxes in a temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forest at Changbai Mountain.The results showed that the Forest-DNDC model reproduced general patterns of environmental variables,however,simulated seasonal variation in soil temperature,snow melt processes and soil moisture partly deviated from measured variables,especially during the non-growing season.The modeled CH_4 flux was close to the field measurement and co-varied mainly with soil temperature and snowpack.The modeled soil CO_2 flux had the same seasonal trend to that of the observation along with variation in temperature,however,simulated CO_2 flux in the growing season was underestimated.The modeled N_2O flux attained a peak in summer due to the influence of temperature,which was apparently different from the observed peak of N_2O flux in the freeze-thaw period.Meanwhile,both modeled CO_2 flux and N_2O flux were dampened by rainfall events.Apart from consistent estimation of annual soil CH_4 flux,the annual accumulation of CO_2 and N_2O was underestimated.It is still necessary to further optimize model parameters and processes using long-term high-frequency observation data,especially transference of heat and water in soil and GHG producing mechanism.Continues work will improve modeling,ecosystem carbon-nitrogen budget assessment and estimation of soil GHGs flux from the site to the region.
Fluctuations in soil greenhouse gas(GHG)are an important part of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon-nitrogen cycle,but uncertainties remain about the dynamic change and budget assessment of soil GHG flux.Using high frequency and consecutive soil GHG fluxes measured with an automatic dynamic chamber system,we tested the applicability of the current Forest-DNDC model in simulating soil CH_4,CO_2 and N_2O fluxes in a temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forest at Changbai Mountain.The results showed that the Forest-DNDC model reproduced general patterns of environmental variables,however,simulated seasonal variation in soil temperature,snow melt processes and soil moisture partly deviated from measured variables,especially during the non-growing season.The modeled CH_4 flux was close to the field measurement and co-varied mainly with soil temperature and snowpack.The modeled soil CO_2 flux had the same seasonal trend to that of the observation along with variation in temperature,however,simulated CO_2 flux in the growing season was underestimated.The modeled N_2O flux attained a peak in summer due to the influence of temperature,which was apparently different from the observed peak of N_2O flux in the freeze-thaw period.Meanwhile,both modeled CO_2 flux and N_2O flux were dampened by rainfall events.Apart from consistent estimation of annual soil CH_4 flux,the annual accumulation of CO_2 and N_2O was underestimated.It is still necessary to further optimize model parameters and processes using long-term high-frequency observation data,especially transference of heat and water in soil and GHG producing mechanism.Continues work will improve modeling,ecosystem carbon-nitrogen budget assessment and estimation of soil GHGs flux from the site to the region.
引文
Aber J D,Reich P B,Goulden M L,et al.1996.Extrapolating leaf CO2exchange to the canopy:A generalized model of forest photosynthesis compared with measurements by eddy correlation.Oecologia,106(2):257-265.
Amina M,Zhang M,Yu G R,et al.2013.Variation of the growing season and accumulated temperature for temperate mixed forest in Changbai Mountains during 1990-2010.Desert and Oasis Meteorology,7(5):44-50.(in Chinese)
Baishali D,Brian B G,Katelyn A C,et al.2017.Characterising effects of management practices,snow cover,and soil texture on soil temperature:Model development in DNDC.Biosystems engineering,168:54-74.
Batjes N H.1996.Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world.European Journal of Soil Science,47(2):151-163.
Bouwman A F.1996.Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,46(1):53-70.
Butterbach-Bahl K,Kesik M,Miehle P,et al.2004.Quantifying the regional source strength of N-trace gases across agricultural and forest ecosystems with process based models.Plant and Soil,260(1-2):311-329.
Butterbach-Bahl K,Stange F,Papen H,et al.2001.Regional inventory of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions for forest soils of southeast Germany using the biogeochemical model PnET-N-DNDC.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,106(D24):34155-34166.
Cui X Y,Song J F.2005.Soil NH4+/NO3-nitrogen characteristics in primary forests and the adaptability of some coniferous species.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(11):3082-3092.(in Chinese)
Dai Z,Johnson K D,Birdsey R A,et al.2015.Assessing the effect of climate change on carbon sequestration in a Mexican dry forest in the Yucatan Peninsula.Ecological Complexity,24:46-56.
de Bruijn A M G,Butterbach-Bahl K,Blagodatsky S,et al.2009.Model evaluation of different mechanisms driving freeze-thaw N2O emissions.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,133:196-207.
Fenn M E,Poth M A,Aber J D,et al.1998.Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems:Predisposing factors,ecosystem responses,and management strategies.Ecological Applications,8(3):706-733.
Geng J,Cheng S L,Fang H J,et al.2017.Soil nitrate accumulation explains the nonlinear responses of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes to nitrogen addition in a temperate needle-broadleaved mixed forest.Ecological Indicators,79:28-36.
Geng S C,Chen Z J,Han S J,et al.2017.Rainfall reduction amplifies the stimulatory effect of nitrogen addition on N2O emissions from a temperate forest soil.Scientific Reports,7:1-10.
Gilhespy S L,Anthony S,Cardenas L,et al.2014.First 20 years of DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition):Model evolution.Ecological Modelling,292:51-62.
Guo J W,Zou Y C,Huo L L,et al.2013.DNDC model,a model of biogeochemical processes:Research progress and applications.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(2):571-580.(in Chinese)
Han S J,Sun H L,Yu G R.2012.Data set of ecological system positioning observation and research in China:Forest ecosystem roll,Jilin Changbai Mountain Station:2001-2008.Beijing:China Agricultural Press.(in Chinese)
Heinemeyer A.,and McNamara N P.2011.Comparing the closed static versus the closed dynamic chamber flux methodology:Implications for soil respiration studies.Plant and Soil,346(1-2):145-151.
IPCC.2013.Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing.Climate Change2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.In:Stocker,T F,Qin D,Plattner G-K,et al.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.
Jiang Y L,Zhou G S,Zhao M,et al.2005.Soil respiration in broad-leaved and Korean pine forest ecosystems,Changbai Mountain,China.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,29(3):411-414.(in Chinese)
Kesik M,Ambus P,Baritz R,et al.2005.Inventories of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils.Biogeosciences,2(4):353-375.
Kiese R,Li C S,Hilbert D W,et al.2005.Regional application of PnET-N-DNDC for estimating the N2O source strength of tropical rainforests in the Wet Tropics of Australia.Global Change Biology,11(1):128-144.
Kim D G,Vargas R,Bond-Lamberty B,et al.2012.Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes:a review of current literature and suggestions for future research.Biogeosciences,9(7):2459-2483.
Lamers M,Ingwersen J,Streck T.2007.Modelling N2O emission from a forest upland soil:A procedure for an automatic calibration of the biogeochemical model Forest-DNDC.Ecological Modelling,205(1-2):52-58.
Li C S.2016.Biogeochemical:Scientific basis and model method.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,253-437.(in Chinese)
Li C S,Aber J,Stange F,et al.2000.A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils:1.Model development.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,105(D4):4369-4384.
Li C S,Frolking S,Frolking T A.1992.A model of nitrous oxide driven by rainfall events:1.Model structure and sensitivity.Journal of Geophysical Research,97(D9):9759-9776.
Li C S.2000.Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems-modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystem.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,58:259-276.
Li M D,Liu L B,Ni J.2017.Modelling carbon cycle of karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest during the last 50 years.Earth and Environment,45(1):96-105.(in Chinese)
Li P,Shi R J,Zhao F,et al.2018.Soil bacterial community structure and predicted functions in the larch forest during succession at the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology.https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201901.010.(in Chinese)
Miehle P,Livesley S J,Feikema P M,et al.2006.Assessing productivity and carbon sequestration capacity of Eucalyptus globulus plantations using the process model forest-DNDC:Calibration and validation.Ecological Modelling,192(1-2):83-94.
Oertel C,Matschullat J,Zurba K,et al.2016.Greenhouse gas emissions from soils-A review.Chemie der Erde,76:327-352.
Piao S L,Fang J Y,Ciais P,et al.2009.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China.Nature,458(7241):1009-1014.
Schindlbacher A,Zechmeister-Boltenstern S,Butterbach-Bahl K,et al.2004.Effects of soil moisture and temperature on NO,NO2,and N2Oemissions from European forest soils.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,109:D17302.
Stange F,Butterbach-Bahl K,Papen H,et al.2000.A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils 2.Sensitivity analysis and validation.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,105(D4):4385-4398.
Sun J W,Wu J B,Ren L,et al.2016.Response of photosynthetic physiological characteristics to nitrogen addition by seedlings of two dominant tree species in a broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest on Changbai Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(21):6777-6785.(in Chinese)
Tian H Q,Lu C Q,Ciais P,et al.2016.The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.Nature,531(7593):225-232.
Wang Q F,Nui D,Yu G R,et al.2004.Simulation study on CO2 and hydrothermal flux of forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountain.China Science Series D Earth Science,34(Supplement II):131-140.(in Chinese)
Wang X G,Zhu B,Gao M R,et al.2008.Soil CO2 efflux and simulation of Forest-DNDC model in the mixed plantation of alder and cypress in hilly areas of the central Sichuan Basin.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,30(2):27-32.(in Chinese)
Wang X G,Zhu B,Li C S,et al.2011.Dissecting soil CO2 fluxes from a subtropical forest in China by integrating field measurements with a modeling approach.Geoderma,161(1-2):88-94.
Werner C,Zheng X H,Tang J W,et al.2006.N2O,CH4 and CO2 emissions from seasonal tropical rainforests and a rubber plantation in Southwest China.Plant and Soil,289(1-2):335-353.
Wu D H,Ciais P,Viovy N,et al.2018.Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to altered precipitation simulated by ecosystem models across three long-term grassland sites.Biogeosciences,15(11):3421-3437.
Wu H,Peng C,Moore T R,et al.2014.Modeling dissolved organic carbon in temperate forest soils:TRIPLEX-DOC model development and validation.Geoscientific Model Development,7(3):867-881.
Wu J B,Guan D X,Zhang M,et al.2007.Carbon budget characteristics of the broadleaved Korean pine forests in Changbaishan Mountains.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,29(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
Xiao D M,Wang M,Wang Y S,et al.2004.Fluxes of soil carbon dioxide,nitrous oxide and firedamp in broadleaved/Korean pine forest.Journal of Forestry Research,15(2):107-112.
Xu H W,Li Jun,Li Jing,et al.2018.Comparison and analysis of soil resistivity between permafrost and non-permafrost.Technology Economic Guide,26(12):44.(in Chinese)
Yu G R,Zhang L M,Sun X M,et al.2004,Research progress on carbon flux observation of terrestrial ecosystems in the Asian region.China Science Series D Earth Science,34(Supplement II):15-29.(in Chinese)
Zhang M,Wen X F,Yu G R,et al.2010.Effects of CO2 storage flux on carbon budget of forest ecosystem.The Journal of Applied Ecology,21(5):1201-1209.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y,Li C S,Zhou X J,et al.2002.A simulation model linking crop growth and soil biogeochemistry for sustainable agriculture.Ecological Modelling,151(1):75-108.
Zheng X H,Wang R,2017.Protocols for Chamber-Based Manual Measurement of CH4 and N2O Fluxes from Terrestrial Ecosystems.Beijing:Meteorology Press,4-95.(in Chinese)
Zhou C Y,Zhou Y G,Wang Y H,et al.2005.Soil respiration of a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan Mountain,Guangdong Province.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,27(4):23-27.(in Chinese)
Amina M,Zhang M,Yu G R,et al.2013.Variation of the growing season and accumulated temperature for temperate mixed forest in Changbai Mountains during 1990-2010.Desert and Oasis Meteorology,7(5):44-50.(in Chinese)
Baishali D,Brian B G,Katelyn A C,et al.2017.Characterising effects of management practices,snow cover,and soil texture on soil temperature:Model development in DNDC.Biosystems engineering,168:54-74.
Batjes N H.1996.Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world.European Journal of Soil Science,47(2):151-163.
Bouwman A F.1996.Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,46(1):53-70.
Butterbach-Bahl K,Kesik M,Miehle P,et al.2004.Quantifying the regional source strength of N-trace gases across agricultural and forest ecosystems with process based models.Plant and Soil,260(1-2):311-329.
Butterbach-Bahl K,Stange F,Papen H,et al.2001.Regional inventory of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions for forest soils of southeast Germany using the biogeochemical model PnET-N-DNDC.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,106(D24):34155-34166.
Cui X Y,Song J F.2005.Soil NH4+/NO3-nitrogen characteristics in primary forests and the adaptability of some coniferous species.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(11):3082-3092.(in Chinese)
Dai Z,Johnson K D,Birdsey R A,et al.2015.Assessing the effect of climate change on carbon sequestration in a Mexican dry forest in the Yucatan Peninsula.Ecological Complexity,24:46-56.
de Bruijn A M G,Butterbach-Bahl K,Blagodatsky S,et al.2009.Model evaluation of different mechanisms driving freeze-thaw N2O emissions.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,133:196-207.
Fenn M E,Poth M A,Aber J D,et al.1998.Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems:Predisposing factors,ecosystem responses,and management strategies.Ecological Applications,8(3):706-733.
Geng J,Cheng S L,Fang H J,et al.2017.Soil nitrate accumulation explains the nonlinear responses of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes to nitrogen addition in a temperate needle-broadleaved mixed forest.Ecological Indicators,79:28-36.
Geng S C,Chen Z J,Han S J,et al.2017.Rainfall reduction amplifies the stimulatory effect of nitrogen addition on N2O emissions from a temperate forest soil.Scientific Reports,7:1-10.
Gilhespy S L,Anthony S,Cardenas L,et al.2014.First 20 years of DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition):Model evolution.Ecological Modelling,292:51-62.
Guo J W,Zou Y C,Huo L L,et al.2013.DNDC model,a model of biogeochemical processes:Research progress and applications.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(2):571-580.(in Chinese)
Han S J,Sun H L,Yu G R.2012.Data set of ecological system positioning observation and research in China:Forest ecosystem roll,Jilin Changbai Mountain Station:2001-2008.Beijing:China Agricultural Press.(in Chinese)
Heinemeyer A.,and McNamara N P.2011.Comparing the closed static versus the closed dynamic chamber flux methodology:Implications for soil respiration studies.Plant and Soil,346(1-2):145-151.
IPCC.2013.Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing.Climate Change2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.In:Stocker,T F,Qin D,Plattner G-K,et al.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.
Jiang Y L,Zhou G S,Zhao M,et al.2005.Soil respiration in broad-leaved and Korean pine forest ecosystems,Changbai Mountain,China.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,29(3):411-414.(in Chinese)
Kesik M,Ambus P,Baritz R,et al.2005.Inventories of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils.Biogeosciences,2(4):353-375.
Kiese R,Li C S,Hilbert D W,et al.2005.Regional application of PnET-N-DNDC for estimating the N2O source strength of tropical rainforests in the Wet Tropics of Australia.Global Change Biology,11(1):128-144.
Kim D G,Vargas R,Bond-Lamberty B,et al.2012.Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes:a review of current literature and suggestions for future research.Biogeosciences,9(7):2459-2483.
Lamers M,Ingwersen J,Streck T.2007.Modelling N2O emission from a forest upland soil:A procedure for an automatic calibration of the biogeochemical model Forest-DNDC.Ecological Modelling,205(1-2):52-58.
Li C S.2016.Biogeochemical:Scientific basis and model method.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,253-437.(in Chinese)
Li C S,Aber J,Stange F,et al.2000.A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils:1.Model development.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,105(D4):4369-4384.
Li C S,Frolking S,Frolking T A.1992.A model of nitrous oxide driven by rainfall events:1.Model structure and sensitivity.Journal of Geophysical Research,97(D9):9759-9776.
Li C S.2000.Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems-modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystem.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,58:259-276.
Li M D,Liu L B,Ni J.2017.Modelling carbon cycle of karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest during the last 50 years.Earth and Environment,45(1):96-105.(in Chinese)
Li P,Shi R J,Zhao F,et al.2018.Soil bacterial community structure and predicted functions in the larch forest during succession at the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology.https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201901.010.(in Chinese)
Miehle P,Livesley S J,Feikema P M,et al.2006.Assessing productivity and carbon sequestration capacity of Eucalyptus globulus plantations using the process model forest-DNDC:Calibration and validation.Ecological Modelling,192(1-2):83-94.
Oertel C,Matschullat J,Zurba K,et al.2016.Greenhouse gas emissions from soils-A review.Chemie der Erde,76:327-352.
Piao S L,Fang J Y,Ciais P,et al.2009.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China.Nature,458(7241):1009-1014.
Schindlbacher A,Zechmeister-Boltenstern S,Butterbach-Bahl K,et al.2004.Effects of soil moisture and temperature on NO,NO2,and N2Oemissions from European forest soils.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,109:D17302.
Stange F,Butterbach-Bahl K,Papen H,et al.2000.A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils 2.Sensitivity analysis and validation.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,105(D4):4385-4398.
Sun J W,Wu J B,Ren L,et al.2016.Response of photosynthetic physiological characteristics to nitrogen addition by seedlings of two dominant tree species in a broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest on Changbai Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(21):6777-6785.(in Chinese)
Tian H Q,Lu C Q,Ciais P,et al.2016.The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.Nature,531(7593):225-232.
Wang Q F,Nui D,Yu G R,et al.2004.Simulation study on CO2 and hydrothermal flux of forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountain.China Science Series D Earth Science,34(Supplement II):131-140.(in Chinese)
Wang X G,Zhu B,Gao M R,et al.2008.Soil CO2 efflux and simulation of Forest-DNDC model in the mixed plantation of alder and cypress in hilly areas of the central Sichuan Basin.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,30(2):27-32.(in Chinese)
Wang X G,Zhu B,Li C S,et al.2011.Dissecting soil CO2 fluxes from a subtropical forest in China by integrating field measurements with a modeling approach.Geoderma,161(1-2):88-94.
Werner C,Zheng X H,Tang J W,et al.2006.N2O,CH4 and CO2 emissions from seasonal tropical rainforests and a rubber plantation in Southwest China.Plant and Soil,289(1-2):335-353.
Wu D H,Ciais P,Viovy N,et al.2018.Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to altered precipitation simulated by ecosystem models across three long-term grassland sites.Biogeosciences,15(11):3421-3437.
Wu H,Peng C,Moore T R,et al.2014.Modeling dissolved organic carbon in temperate forest soils:TRIPLEX-DOC model development and validation.Geoscientific Model Development,7(3):867-881.
Wu J B,Guan D X,Zhang M,et al.2007.Carbon budget characteristics of the broadleaved Korean pine forests in Changbaishan Mountains.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,29(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
Xiao D M,Wang M,Wang Y S,et al.2004.Fluxes of soil carbon dioxide,nitrous oxide and firedamp in broadleaved/Korean pine forest.Journal of Forestry Research,15(2):107-112.
Xu H W,Li Jun,Li Jing,et al.2018.Comparison and analysis of soil resistivity between permafrost and non-permafrost.Technology Economic Guide,26(12):44.(in Chinese)
Yu G R,Zhang L M,Sun X M,et al.2004,Research progress on carbon flux observation of terrestrial ecosystems in the Asian region.China Science Series D Earth Science,34(Supplement II):15-29.(in Chinese)
Zhang M,Wen X F,Yu G R,et al.2010.Effects of CO2 storage flux on carbon budget of forest ecosystem.The Journal of Applied Ecology,21(5):1201-1209.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y,Li C S,Zhou X J,et al.2002.A simulation model linking crop growth and soil biogeochemistry for sustainable agriculture.Ecological Modelling,151(1):75-108.
Zheng X H,Wang R,2017.Protocols for Chamber-Based Manual Measurement of CH4 and N2O Fluxes from Terrestrial Ecosystems.Beijing:Meteorology Press,4-95.(in Chinese)
Zhou C Y,Zhou Y G,Wang Y H,et al.2005.Soil respiration of a coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan Mountain,Guangdong Province.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,27(4):23-27.(in Chinese)