所有制分割、户籍歧视与代际城乡工资差异
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摘要
在考虑农民工群体代际分化的基础上,基于2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用工资差异分解方法分析了城镇劳动力市场中新生代农民工与老一代农民工面临的户籍歧视代际差异问题。研究表明,新一代城乡劳动力间的工资差异高于老一代劳动力,个体特征差异的不同并不足以解释代际间的城乡工资差异,户籍歧视的代际差异才是导致代际城乡工资差异的主要原因。相对于老一代农民工,新生代农民工遭受的户籍歧视更为严重。对同工不同酬和所有制分割两种不同歧视形式的研究表明,无论是同工不同酬的程度还是所有制分割效应,新生代农民工都要严重于老一代农民工,但同工不同酬的程度差异是导致户籍歧视代际差异的主要原因。进一步分析发现,同工不同酬的程度差异主要来自于城镇流动人口"工资溢价"的代际差异,新一代城镇流动人口在城镇劳动力市场中获得了更多的"工资溢价"。
Based on the consideration of the intergenerational differentiation of migrant workers,this paper makes use of data of the 2016 China Mobile Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey and employs the wage differential decomposition method to analyze the issue of household registration discrimination and intergenerational differences faced by the new and the older generations of migrant workers in the urban labor market. The findings of the research show that the wage difference between the new generation of urban and rural labors is wider than that of the older generation. The difference in individual characteristics is not enough to explain the intergenerational urban-rural wage difference, while the intergenerational difference of household registration discrimination is the main cause of intergenerational urban-rural wage difference. Compared with the older generation of migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers suffered even more serious discrimination in the household registration. The study of the two different forms of discrimination on the basis of same work with different pay and ownership divisions shows that no matter what are the degrees of same work with different pay or the split effect of ownership, the new generation of migrant workers are suffering more than the older generation of migrant workers, but the difference in the degree of same work with different pay is the main reason for the intergenerational differences in household registration discrimination. Further analysis finds out that the difference in the degree of same work with different pay mainly comes from the intergenerational differences in the " salary premium" of urban migrants, the new generation of urban migrants has gained more "salary premium" in the urban labor market.
Based on the consideration of the intergenerational differentiation of migrant workers,this paper makes use of data of the 2016 China Mobile Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey and employs the wage differential decomposition method to analyze the issue of household registration discrimination and intergenerational differences faced by the new and the older generations of migrant workers in the urban labor market. The findings of the research show that the wage difference between the new generation of urban and rural labors is wider than that of the older generation. The difference in individual characteristics is not enough to explain the intergenerational urban-rural wage difference, while the intergenerational difference of household registration discrimination is the main cause of intergenerational urban-rural wage difference. Compared with the older generation of migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers suffered even more serious discrimination in the household registration. The study of the two different forms of discrimination on the basis of same work with different pay and ownership divisions shows that no matter what are the degrees of same work with different pay or the split effect of ownership, the new generation of migrant workers are suffering more than the older generation of migrant workers, but the difference in the degree of same work with different pay is the main reason for the intergenerational differences in household registration discrimination. Further analysis finds out that the difference in the degree of same work with different pay mainly comes from the intergenerational differences in the " salary premium" of urban migrants, the new generation of urban migrants has gained more "salary premium" in the urban labor market.
引文
[1]李兴华,蔡万焕,陈明.社会经济地位与社区邻避效应:基于城市市民对新生代农民工的观察视角[J].当代财经,2017,(5):3-13.
[2]李培林,田丰.中国新生代农民工:社会态度和行为选择[J].社会,2011,(3):1-23.
[3]蔡昉.农民工市民化与新消费者的成长[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报,2011,(3):5-11.
[4]Liu Y., Li Z., Breitung W.. The Social Networks of New-generation Migrants in China’s Urbanized Villages:A Case Study of Guangzhou[J]. Habitat International, 2012,36(1):192-200.
[5]王美艳.新生代农民工的消费水平与消费结构:与上一代农民工的比较[J].劳动经济研究,2017,(6):107-126.
[6]王玉峰,陈宗慧,郭瑞英.农民工工作价值观代际差异研究[J].农业经济问题,2015,(12):32-41+110.
[7]Cheng Z., Wang H., Smyth R.. Happiness and Job Satisfaction in Urban China:A Comparative Study of Two Generations of Migrants and Urban Locals[J]. Urban Studies,2014,51(10):2160-2184.
[8]龚文海.新生代农民工职业农民意愿研究——基于个人特征、外出务工特征的分析[J].农业经济问题,2015,(11):41-48+111.
[9]王弘钰,柳博洋,王辉.农民工雇用歧视对反生产行为影响的机制探析[J].社会科学战线,2016,(8):60-67.
[10]谢嗣胜,姚先国.农民工工资歧视的计量分析[J].中国农村经济,2006,(4):49-55.
[11]邓曲恒.城镇居民与流动人口的收入差异:基于Oaxaca-Blinder和Quantile方法的分解[J].中国人口科学,2007,(2):8-16.
[12]邢春冰.农民工与城镇职工的收入差距[J].管理世界,2008,(6):55-64.
[13]Zhang L., Sharpe R. V., Li S.. Wage Differentials between Urban and Rural-urban Migrant Workers in China[J].China Economic Review, 2016, 41:222-233.
[14]孟凡强,邓保国.劳动力市场户籍歧视与城乡工资差异——基于分位数回归与分解的分析[J].中国农村经济,2014,(6):56-65.
[15]Zhu R.. Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Urban China during 2002-2007:A Distributional Analysis[J]. China Economic Review, 2016, 37:2-14.
[16]吴贾,姚先国,张俊森.城乡户籍歧视是否趋于止步——来自改革进程中的经验证据:1989-2011[J].经济研究,2015,(11):148-160.
[17]孙婧芳.城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化:农民工的就业与工资[J].经济研究,2017,(8):171-186.
[18]李晓宁,姚延婷.劳动力转移与工资差距同时扩大的“悖论”研究——基于市场分割的视角[J].当代财经,2012,(4):5-12.
[19]Meng X., Zhang J.. The Two-Tier Labor Market in Urban China:Occupational Segregation and Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2001, 29(3):485-504.
[20]常进雄,赵海涛.所有制性质对农村户籍劳动力与城镇户籍劳动力工资差距的影响研究[J].经济学(季刊),2016,(2):627-646.
[21]Ma X.. Labor Market Segmentation by Industry Sectors and Wage Gaps between Migrants and Local Urban Residents in Urban China[J]. China Economic Review, 2018, 47:96-115.
[22]叶林祥,李实,罗楚亮.行业垄断、所有制与企业工资收入差距——基于第一次全国经济普查企业数据的实证研究[J].管理世界,2011,(4):26-36+187.
[23]马草原,马文涛,李成.中国劳动力市场所有制分割的根源与表现[J].管理世界,2017,(11):22-34+187.
[24]章元,王昊.城市劳动力市场上的户籍歧视与地域歧视:基于人口普查数据的研究[J].管理世界,2011,(7):42-51.
[25]Oaxaca R. L.. Male-female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets[J]. International Economic Review, 1973, 14(3):693-709.
[26]Blinder A. S.. Wage Discrimination:Reduced Form and Structural Estimations[J]. Journal of Human Resources,1973,8(4):436-455.
[27]Cotton J.. On the Decomposition of the Wage Differentials[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1988, 70(2):236-243.
[28]Neumark D.. Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination[J]. Journal of Human Resources, 1988, 23(3):279-295.
[29]Appleton S., Hoddinott J., Krishnan P.. The Gender Wage Gap in Three African Countries[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1999, 47(2):289-312.
(1)由于本文样本全部为流动人口,因此本文研究的农民工范畴是外出农民工。
(2)由于国际组织只有4个样本,因此本文将其归入公共管理、社会保障和社会组织。
(3)国家机关、党群组织、企事业单位负责人和公务员、办事人员和有关人员合并为管理者及办事员;经商、商贩、餐饮、家政、保洁、保安、装修、快递和其他商业、服务业人员合并为商业服务业人员;生产、运输、建筑和其他生产、运输设备操作人员及有关人员合并为生产运输人员;无固定职业和其他合并为无固定职业者。
(4)机关、事业单位和社团/民办组织合并为机关团体;国有及国有控股企业和集体企业合并为国营企业;股份/联营和私营企业合并为民营企业;港澳台独资、外商独资和中外合资企业合并为外资企业;其他和无单位合并为无固定单位。
(1)受篇幅所限,行业、职业、地区变量的描述性统计结果未予展示,有兴趣的读者可以向作者索取。
(1)教育回报率的差异也可能是由于教育质量差异所致,但由于问题较为复杂,本文未能考虑。
(2)受篇幅限制,本文未展示全部回归结果,有兴趣的读者可以向作者索取。
(1)受篇幅所限,所有制部门获得方程与工资方程未在文中展示,有兴趣的读者可向作者索要。
(1)无固定单位部门中虽然新生代农民工的户籍歧视贡献率在数值上要低于老一代农民工,但由于老一代农民工的户籍歧视实际值已不显著,因此这一贡献率差异已无实际意义。
(2)由于第二代农民工和第三代农民工的概念界定学界尚未达成共识,因为本文未予采用。
[2]李培林,田丰.中国新生代农民工:社会态度和行为选择[J].社会,2011,(3):1-23.
[3]蔡昉.农民工市民化与新消费者的成长[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报,2011,(3):5-11.
[4]Liu Y., Li Z., Breitung W.. The Social Networks of New-generation Migrants in China’s Urbanized Villages:A Case Study of Guangzhou[J]. Habitat International, 2012,36(1):192-200.
[5]王美艳.新生代农民工的消费水平与消费结构:与上一代农民工的比较[J].劳动经济研究,2017,(6):107-126.
[6]王玉峰,陈宗慧,郭瑞英.农民工工作价值观代际差异研究[J].农业经济问题,2015,(12):32-41+110.
[7]Cheng Z., Wang H., Smyth R.. Happiness and Job Satisfaction in Urban China:A Comparative Study of Two Generations of Migrants and Urban Locals[J]. Urban Studies,2014,51(10):2160-2184.
[8]龚文海.新生代农民工职业农民意愿研究——基于个人特征、外出务工特征的分析[J].农业经济问题,2015,(11):41-48+111.
[9]王弘钰,柳博洋,王辉.农民工雇用歧视对反生产行为影响的机制探析[J].社会科学战线,2016,(8):60-67.
[10]谢嗣胜,姚先国.农民工工资歧视的计量分析[J].中国农村经济,2006,(4):49-55.
[11]邓曲恒.城镇居民与流动人口的收入差异:基于Oaxaca-Blinder和Quantile方法的分解[J].中国人口科学,2007,(2):8-16.
[12]邢春冰.农民工与城镇职工的收入差距[J].管理世界,2008,(6):55-64.
[13]Zhang L., Sharpe R. V., Li S.. Wage Differentials between Urban and Rural-urban Migrant Workers in China[J].China Economic Review, 2016, 41:222-233.
[14]孟凡强,邓保国.劳动力市场户籍歧视与城乡工资差异——基于分位数回归与分解的分析[J].中国农村经济,2014,(6):56-65.
[15]Zhu R.. Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Urban China during 2002-2007:A Distributional Analysis[J]. China Economic Review, 2016, 37:2-14.
[16]吴贾,姚先国,张俊森.城乡户籍歧视是否趋于止步——来自改革进程中的经验证据:1989-2011[J].经济研究,2015,(11):148-160.
[17]孙婧芳.城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化:农民工的就业与工资[J].经济研究,2017,(8):171-186.
[18]李晓宁,姚延婷.劳动力转移与工资差距同时扩大的“悖论”研究——基于市场分割的视角[J].当代财经,2012,(4):5-12.
[19]Meng X., Zhang J.. The Two-Tier Labor Market in Urban China:Occupational Segregation and Wage Differentials between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2001, 29(3):485-504.
[20]常进雄,赵海涛.所有制性质对农村户籍劳动力与城镇户籍劳动力工资差距的影响研究[J].经济学(季刊),2016,(2):627-646.
[21]Ma X.. Labor Market Segmentation by Industry Sectors and Wage Gaps between Migrants and Local Urban Residents in Urban China[J]. China Economic Review, 2018, 47:96-115.
[22]叶林祥,李实,罗楚亮.行业垄断、所有制与企业工资收入差距——基于第一次全国经济普查企业数据的实证研究[J].管理世界,2011,(4):26-36+187.
[23]马草原,马文涛,李成.中国劳动力市场所有制分割的根源与表现[J].管理世界,2017,(11):22-34+187.
[24]章元,王昊.城市劳动力市场上的户籍歧视与地域歧视:基于人口普查数据的研究[J].管理世界,2011,(7):42-51.
[25]Oaxaca R. L.. Male-female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets[J]. International Economic Review, 1973, 14(3):693-709.
[26]Blinder A. S.. Wage Discrimination:Reduced Form and Structural Estimations[J]. Journal of Human Resources,1973,8(4):436-455.
[27]Cotton J.. On the Decomposition of the Wage Differentials[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1988, 70(2):236-243.
[28]Neumark D.. Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination[J]. Journal of Human Resources, 1988, 23(3):279-295.
[29]Appleton S., Hoddinott J., Krishnan P.. The Gender Wage Gap in Three African Countries[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1999, 47(2):289-312.
(1)由于本文样本全部为流动人口,因此本文研究的农民工范畴是外出农民工。
(2)由于国际组织只有4个样本,因此本文将其归入公共管理、社会保障和社会组织。
(3)国家机关、党群组织、企事业单位负责人和公务员、办事人员和有关人员合并为管理者及办事员;经商、商贩、餐饮、家政、保洁、保安、装修、快递和其他商业、服务业人员合并为商业服务业人员;生产、运输、建筑和其他生产、运输设备操作人员及有关人员合并为生产运输人员;无固定职业和其他合并为无固定职业者。
(4)机关、事业单位和社团/民办组织合并为机关团体;国有及国有控股企业和集体企业合并为国营企业;股份/联营和私营企业合并为民营企业;港澳台独资、外商独资和中外合资企业合并为外资企业;其他和无单位合并为无固定单位。
(1)受篇幅所限,行业、职业、地区变量的描述性统计结果未予展示,有兴趣的读者可以向作者索取。
(1)教育回报率的差异也可能是由于教育质量差异所致,但由于问题较为复杂,本文未能考虑。
(2)受篇幅限制,本文未展示全部回归结果,有兴趣的读者可以向作者索取。
(1)受篇幅所限,所有制部门获得方程与工资方程未在文中展示,有兴趣的读者可向作者索要。
(1)无固定单位部门中虽然新生代农民工的户籍歧视贡献率在数值上要低于老一代农民工,但由于老一代农民工的户籍歧视实际值已不显著,因此这一贡献率差异已无实际意义。
(2)由于第二代农民工和第三代农民工的概念界定学界尚未达成共识,因为本文未予采用。