元阳哈尼梯田遗产化与旅游化的关系演变与互动机制
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摘要
遗产化与旅游化已成为地方社会经济发展的重要活动,历时性地理解两者的互动关系及其影响因素具有重要意义。研究发现,元阳哈尼梯田遗产化与旅游化发生的时空背景基本相同,但关键施动主体与客体不同,形成二者关系演变的基础;地方先后经历了"旅游化启蒙遗产化、遗产化与旅游化相互促进、旅游化阻碍遗产化、遗产化加快旅游化"四个阶段;其中,"摄影师"、"政府部门、专家学者、大众传媒"、"社区居民与旅游企业及外来商人之间的矛盾、生态环境问题、地方贫困"、"地方政府、旅游企业、社区居民"等关键行动者分别依次发挥了主要作用,影响着二者关系的格局变化。
In academical studies, heritage usually is considered as a process and a product of heritagization,while tourismification is regarded as a phenomenon, a process, a result, and one of the important modes to promote the sustainable survival of heritage. Hereby, this paper conducted a diachronic analysis on the actors in the processes of heritagization and tourismification of Hani Terraces in Yuanyang with the actantial model of Greimas. It found that: First, the heirtagization and tourismification of Hani Terraces of Yuanyang basically occurred in the same social context and space-time, but their crucial subjects and objects are so different that it established the basis for their relationship changes in the future; Second, the interaction between heritagization(H) and tourismification(T) is not static, but experienced four stages of dynamic change like "T initiated H→H and T promoted mutually→T impeded H→H accelerated T"; Third, the key actors like "photographers", "government departments, experts and scholars and mass media", "the contradictions among nonlocal investors, tourism enterprises and local residents, the problems of ecological and environmental damage, and local poverty issues", "local government, tourism enterprises and community residents", respectively played a major role on the evolution of their interaction during the four different stages.This conclusion has a beneficial revelation for comprehensively understanding the relationship between world heritage declaration and tourism development. The actors in the processes of heirtagization and tourismification are diverse and complex, which fully embody their duality and multiple effects.
In academical studies, heritage usually is considered as a process and a product of heritagization,while tourismification is regarded as a phenomenon, a process, a result, and one of the important modes to promote the sustainable survival of heritage. Hereby, this paper conducted a diachronic analysis on the actors in the processes of heritagization and tourismification of Hani Terraces in Yuanyang with the actantial model of Greimas. It found that: First, the heirtagization and tourismification of Hani Terraces of Yuanyang basically occurred in the same social context and space-time, but their crucial subjects and objects are so different that it established the basis for their relationship changes in the future; Second, the interaction between heritagization(H) and tourismification(T) is not static, but experienced four stages of dynamic change like "T initiated H→H and T promoted mutually→T impeded H→H accelerated T"; Third, the key actors like "photographers", "government departments, experts and scholars and mass media", "the contradictions among nonlocal investors, tourism enterprises and local residents, the problems of ecological and environmental damage, and local poverty issues", "local government, tourism enterprises and community residents", respectively played a major role on the evolution of their interaction during the four different stages.This conclusion has a beneficial revelation for comprehensively understanding the relationship between world heritage declaration and tourism development. The actors in the processes of heirtagization and tourismification are diverse and complex, which fully embody their duality and multiple effects.
引文
[1]燕海鸣.“遗产化”中的话语和记忆[N].中国社会科学报,2011-08-16(12).[Yan Haiming. The discourse and memory during the process of heritagization[N]. Social Science Weekly, 2011-08-16(12).]
[2] Brett D. The Construction of Heritage[M]. Cork:Cork University Press, 1996:3,138.
[3] Smith L. Uses of Heritage[M]. London:Routledge, 2006:29-43.
[4] Di Méo G. Processus de patrimonialisation et construction des territoires[C]//Colloque"Patrimoine et industrie en Poitou-Charentes:Conna?tre pour valoriser". La Crèche:Gesteéditions, 2007:87-109.
[5]侯松,吴宗杰.遗产研究的话语视角:理论·方法·展望[J].东南文化,2013(3):6-13.[Hou Song, Wu Zongjie. The discursive approach to heritage studies:Theory, method and prospect[J]. Southeast Culture,2013(3):6-13.]
[6]董一平,侯斌超.工业遗存的“遗产化过程”思考[J].新建筑,2014(4):40-44.[Dong Yiping, Hou Binchao. From remains to heritage:Reflection on the process of becoming and industrial heritage[J].New Architecture, 2014(4):40-44.]
[7]李春霞,彭兆荣.从滇越铁路看遗产的“遗产化”[J].云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009,26(1):29-34.[Li Chunxia, Peng Zhaorong. On the"heritabilization"of heritage through a study of Yunnan-Vietnam railway[J]. Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2009,26(1):29-34.]
[8]冯晓婧.民族文化遗产化进程中的公共化、特色化与大众化——基于洞经音乐遗产化成功的启示[J].贵州民族研究,2017,38(8):132-135.[Feng Xiaojing. Popularization, characterization and popularization in the process of national cultural heritage enlightenment based on the success of Dongjing music heritage[J]. Guizhou Ethnic Studies, 2017,38(8):132-135.]
[9]李正欢.话语、权力与目的地治理转型:鼓浪屿遗产化研究[J].旅游论坛,2015,8(2):7-13.[Li Zhenghuan. Discourse, power and the transformation of destination governance:The heritabilization of Kulangsu[J]. Tourism Forum, 2015,8(2):7-13.]
[10]刘朝晖.“被再造的”中国大运河:遗产话语背景下的地方历史、文化符号与国家权力[J].文化遗产,2016(6):60-67.[Liu Zhaohui.The"remaking"of China's Grand Canal:Local history, cultural symbol and national power[J]. Cultural Heritage, 2016(6):60-67.]
[11]屈册,金钰涵,张朝枝.哈尼梯田“申遗”过程与旅游发展中的权力实践[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018,40(3):64-69.[Qu Ce, Jin Yuhan, Zhang Chaozhi. The power practice in the process of Hani Rice Terraces'heritagization and tourism development[J]. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities(Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2018,40(3):64-69.]
[12]Jansen-Verbeke M. Tourismification of historical cities[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1998,25(4):739-742.
[13]Salazar N B. Imaged or imagined? Cultural representations and the"tourismification"of peoples and places[J]. Cahiers d'études Africaines, 2009,49(1/2):49-71.
[14]Buckley R. The effects of world heritage listing on tourism to Australian national parks[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2004,12(1):70-84.
[15]Yang C H, Lin H L, Han C C. Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China:The role of world heritage sites[J]. Tourism Management, 2010,31(6):827-837.
[16]Frey B S, Steiner L. World heritage list:Does it make sense?[J]. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2011,17(5):555-573.
[17]Huang C H, Tsaur J R, Yang C H. Does world heritage list really induce more tourists? Evidence from Macau[J]. Tourism Management, 2012,33(6):1450-1457.
[18]Bessière J.'Heritagisation', a challenge for tourism promotion and regional development:An example of food heritage[J]. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2013,8(4):275-291.
[19]Wang Z, Yang Z, Wall G, et al. Is it better for a tourist destination to be a world heritage site? Visitors'perspectives on the inscription of Kanas on the world heritage list in China[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2015,23:19-26.
[20]Cuccia T, Guccio C, Rizzo I. The effects of UNESCO world heritage list inscription on tourism destinations performance in Italian regions[J]. Economic Modelling, 2016,53:494-508.
[21]Caust J, Vecco M. Is UNESCO world heritage recognition a blessing or burden? Evidence from developing Asian countries[J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2017,27:1-9.
[22]张晓萍,李鑫.基于文化空间理论的非物质文化遗产保护与旅游化生存实践[J].学术探索,2010(6):105-109.[Zhang Xiaoping, Li Xin. Intangible cultural heritage conservation and the practice of tourism-oriented survival based on the spatial theory of culture[J].Academic Exploration, 2010(6):105-109.]
[23]王德刚,田芸.旅游化生存:非物质文化遗产的现代生存模式[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2010(1):16-21.[Wang Degang, Tian Yun. Tourism survival:A choice of pattern about the inheritance of non-material culture heritage[J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2010(1):16-21.]
[24]McKercher B, Ho P S Y, Du C H. Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management:Evidence from Hong Kong[J].Tourism Management, 2005,26(4):539-548.
[25]陈屿.世界级遗产称号的决策和影响研究——以皖南古村落(西递、宏村)、广东丹霞山为例[D].广州:中山大学,2005:27-32.[Chen Yu. Research on the Decision and Impact of World Heritage Label:Examples of Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui(Village of Xidi and Village of Hongcun)and Mount Danxia in Guangdong[D]. Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University, 2005:27-32.]
[26]Van der Duim R. Tourismscapes:An actor-network perspective[J].Annals of Tourism Research, 2007,34(4):961-976.
[27]陈志钢,孙九霞.城市边缘区乡村旅游化动力机制分析——以山东日照城市边缘区乡村为例[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2007(3):206-209.[Chen Zhigang, Sun Jiuxia. On the mechanism of the tourismification of rural areas on the urban fringe[J].Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Humanities and Social Science), 2007(3):206-209.]
[28]翟禹.基于申遗视角下的元上都遗址利益相关者[J].前沿,2012(13):192-195.[Zhai Yu. The stakeholders of the site of Xanadu based on the perspective of application for world heritage[J]. Forward Position, 2012(13):192-195.]
[29]Low K E Y. Concrete memories and sensory pasts:Everyday heritage and the politics of nationhood[J]. Pacific Affairs, 2017,90(2):275-295.
[30]张环宙,周永广,魏蕙雅,等.基于行动者网络理论的乡村旅游内生式发展的实证研究——以浙江浦江仙华山村为例[J].旅游学刊,2008,23(2):65-71.[Zhang Huanzhou, Zhou Yongguang, Wei Huiya, et al. An empirical study of rural tourism endogenous development based on actor-network theory[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2008,23(2):65-71.]
[31]格雷马斯A J.结构语义学[M].蒋梓骅,译.天津:百花文艺出版社,2001:257.[Greimas A J. Structural Semantics[M]. Jiang Zihua,trans. Tianjin:Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 2001:257.]
[32]Greimas A J. Du Sens:Essais Sémiotiques[M]. Paris:Editions du Seuil, 1983:176-177.
[33]Hébert L. Tools for Text and Image Analysis:An Introduction to Applied Semiotics[M]. Tabler J, trans. Limoges:Presses de l'Universitéde Limoges, 2011:71-77.
[34]Greimas A J.éléments pour une théorie de l'interprétation du récit mythique[J]. Communications, 1966,8(1):28-59.
[35]Pó?torak E. Application du schéma actantiel de Greimas en didactique des languesétrangères[J]. Synergies Pologne, 2007(4):219-227.
[36]Palma J. Le Modèle"Actantiel":Méthode d'Analyse du Politique[M]. Liège:Presses Universitaire de Liège, 1990:19.
[37]杨春.张爱玲小说的深层结构——基于格雷马斯行动元及语义矩阵理论视角下《花凋》的研究[J].北京科技大学学报(社会科学版),2016,32(1):91-96.[Yang Chun. The deep structure of Zhang Ailing's novels:A study of Flower Withers from the perspective of Greimas's action element and semantic matrix[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing(Social Sciences Edition),2016,32(1):91-96.]
[38]Greimas A J. Sémantique Structurale, Formes Sémiologiques[M].Paris:PUF, 1986:180.
[39]史军超.红河哈尼梯田:申遗中保护与发展的困惑[J].学术探索,2009(3):19-23.[Shi Junchao. Honghe Hani Terraces:The confusion of protection and development during the application for world heritage[J]. Academic Exploration, 2009(3):19-23.]
[40]张辉.新时代下的旅游革命[EB/OL].(2018-01-01)[2018-04-13].htpps://www.ixueshu.com/document/23e65af4f4fe4638323d9024fb876cc. html#pdfpreview.[Zhang Hui. The tourism revolution in new era[EB/OL].(2018-01-01)[2018-04-13].https://www.ixueshu.com/document/23e65a59f4f4f4638323d9024fb876cc. html#pdfpreview.]
[2] Brett D. The Construction of Heritage[M]. Cork:Cork University Press, 1996:3,138.
[3] Smith L. Uses of Heritage[M]. London:Routledge, 2006:29-43.
[4] Di Méo G. Processus de patrimonialisation et construction des territoires[C]//Colloque"Patrimoine et industrie en Poitou-Charentes:Conna?tre pour valoriser". La Crèche:Gesteéditions, 2007:87-109.
[5]侯松,吴宗杰.遗产研究的话语视角:理论·方法·展望[J].东南文化,2013(3):6-13.[Hou Song, Wu Zongjie. The discursive approach to heritage studies:Theory, method and prospect[J]. Southeast Culture,2013(3):6-13.]
[6]董一平,侯斌超.工业遗存的“遗产化过程”思考[J].新建筑,2014(4):40-44.[Dong Yiping, Hou Binchao. From remains to heritage:Reflection on the process of becoming and industrial heritage[J].New Architecture, 2014(4):40-44.]
[7]李春霞,彭兆荣.从滇越铁路看遗产的“遗产化”[J].云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009,26(1):29-34.[Li Chunxia, Peng Zhaorong. On the"heritabilization"of heritage through a study of Yunnan-Vietnam railway[J]. Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2009,26(1):29-34.]
[8]冯晓婧.民族文化遗产化进程中的公共化、特色化与大众化——基于洞经音乐遗产化成功的启示[J].贵州民族研究,2017,38(8):132-135.[Feng Xiaojing. Popularization, characterization and popularization in the process of national cultural heritage enlightenment based on the success of Dongjing music heritage[J]. Guizhou Ethnic Studies, 2017,38(8):132-135.]
[9]李正欢.话语、权力与目的地治理转型:鼓浪屿遗产化研究[J].旅游论坛,2015,8(2):7-13.[Li Zhenghuan. Discourse, power and the transformation of destination governance:The heritabilization of Kulangsu[J]. Tourism Forum, 2015,8(2):7-13.]
[10]刘朝晖.“被再造的”中国大运河:遗产话语背景下的地方历史、文化符号与国家权力[J].文化遗产,2016(6):60-67.[Liu Zhaohui.The"remaking"of China's Grand Canal:Local history, cultural symbol and national power[J]. Cultural Heritage, 2016(6):60-67.]
[11]屈册,金钰涵,张朝枝.哈尼梯田“申遗”过程与旅游发展中的权力实践[J].广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018,40(3):64-69.[Qu Ce, Jin Yuhan, Zhang Chaozhi. The power practice in the process of Hani Rice Terraces'heritagization and tourism development[J]. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities(Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2018,40(3):64-69.]
[12]Jansen-Verbeke M. Tourismification of historical cities[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1998,25(4):739-742.
[13]Salazar N B. Imaged or imagined? Cultural representations and the"tourismification"of peoples and places[J]. Cahiers d'études Africaines, 2009,49(1/2):49-71.
[14]Buckley R. The effects of world heritage listing on tourism to Australian national parks[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2004,12(1):70-84.
[15]Yang C H, Lin H L, Han C C. Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China:The role of world heritage sites[J]. Tourism Management, 2010,31(6):827-837.
[16]Frey B S, Steiner L. World heritage list:Does it make sense?[J]. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2011,17(5):555-573.
[17]Huang C H, Tsaur J R, Yang C H. Does world heritage list really induce more tourists? Evidence from Macau[J]. Tourism Management, 2012,33(6):1450-1457.
[18]Bessière J.'Heritagisation', a challenge for tourism promotion and regional development:An example of food heritage[J]. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2013,8(4):275-291.
[19]Wang Z, Yang Z, Wall G, et al. Is it better for a tourist destination to be a world heritage site? Visitors'perspectives on the inscription of Kanas on the world heritage list in China[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2015,23:19-26.
[20]Cuccia T, Guccio C, Rizzo I. The effects of UNESCO world heritage list inscription on tourism destinations performance in Italian regions[J]. Economic Modelling, 2016,53:494-508.
[21]Caust J, Vecco M. Is UNESCO world heritage recognition a blessing or burden? Evidence from developing Asian countries[J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2017,27:1-9.
[22]张晓萍,李鑫.基于文化空间理论的非物质文化遗产保护与旅游化生存实践[J].学术探索,2010(6):105-109.[Zhang Xiaoping, Li Xin. Intangible cultural heritage conservation and the practice of tourism-oriented survival based on the spatial theory of culture[J].Academic Exploration, 2010(6):105-109.]
[23]王德刚,田芸.旅游化生存:非物质文化遗产的现代生存模式[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2010(1):16-21.[Wang Degang, Tian Yun. Tourism survival:A choice of pattern about the inheritance of non-material culture heritage[J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2010(1):16-21.]
[24]McKercher B, Ho P S Y, Du C H. Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management:Evidence from Hong Kong[J].Tourism Management, 2005,26(4):539-548.
[25]陈屿.世界级遗产称号的决策和影响研究——以皖南古村落(西递、宏村)、广东丹霞山为例[D].广州:中山大学,2005:27-32.[Chen Yu. Research on the Decision and Impact of World Heritage Label:Examples of Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui(Village of Xidi and Village of Hongcun)and Mount Danxia in Guangdong[D]. Guangzhou:Sun Yat-sen University, 2005:27-32.]
[26]Van der Duim R. Tourismscapes:An actor-network perspective[J].Annals of Tourism Research, 2007,34(4):961-976.
[27]陈志钢,孙九霞.城市边缘区乡村旅游化动力机制分析——以山东日照城市边缘区乡村为例[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2007(3):206-209.[Chen Zhigang, Sun Jiuxia. On the mechanism of the tourismification of rural areas on the urban fringe[J].Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities(Humanities and Social Science), 2007(3):206-209.]
[28]翟禹.基于申遗视角下的元上都遗址利益相关者[J].前沿,2012(13):192-195.[Zhai Yu. The stakeholders of the site of Xanadu based on the perspective of application for world heritage[J]. Forward Position, 2012(13):192-195.]
[29]Low K E Y. Concrete memories and sensory pasts:Everyday heritage and the politics of nationhood[J]. Pacific Affairs, 2017,90(2):275-295.
[30]张环宙,周永广,魏蕙雅,等.基于行动者网络理论的乡村旅游内生式发展的实证研究——以浙江浦江仙华山村为例[J].旅游学刊,2008,23(2):65-71.[Zhang Huanzhou, Zhou Yongguang, Wei Huiya, et al. An empirical study of rural tourism endogenous development based on actor-network theory[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2008,23(2):65-71.]
[31]格雷马斯A J.结构语义学[M].蒋梓骅,译.天津:百花文艺出版社,2001:257.[Greimas A J. Structural Semantics[M]. Jiang Zihua,trans. Tianjin:Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 2001:257.]
[32]Greimas A J. Du Sens:Essais Sémiotiques[M]. Paris:Editions du Seuil, 1983:176-177.
[33]Hébert L. Tools for Text and Image Analysis:An Introduction to Applied Semiotics[M]. Tabler J, trans. Limoges:Presses de l'Universitéde Limoges, 2011:71-77.
[34]Greimas A J.éléments pour une théorie de l'interprétation du récit mythique[J]. Communications, 1966,8(1):28-59.
[35]Pó?torak E. Application du schéma actantiel de Greimas en didactique des languesétrangères[J]. Synergies Pologne, 2007(4):219-227.
[36]Palma J. Le Modèle"Actantiel":Méthode d'Analyse du Politique[M]. Liège:Presses Universitaire de Liège, 1990:19.
[37]杨春.张爱玲小说的深层结构——基于格雷马斯行动元及语义矩阵理论视角下《花凋》的研究[J].北京科技大学学报(社会科学版),2016,32(1):91-96.[Yang Chun. The deep structure of Zhang Ailing's novels:A study of Flower Withers from the perspective of Greimas's action element and semantic matrix[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing(Social Sciences Edition),2016,32(1):91-96.]
[38]Greimas A J. Sémantique Structurale, Formes Sémiologiques[M].Paris:PUF, 1986:180.
[39]史军超.红河哈尼梯田:申遗中保护与发展的困惑[J].学术探索,2009(3):19-23.[Shi Junchao. Honghe Hani Terraces:The confusion of protection and development during the application for world heritage[J]. Academic Exploration, 2009(3):19-23.]
[40]张辉.新时代下的旅游革命[EB/OL].(2018-01-01)[2018-04-13].htpps://www.ixueshu.com/document/23e65af4f4fe4638323d9024fb876cc. html#pdfpreview.[Zhang Hui. The tourism revolution in new era[EB/OL].(2018-01-01)[2018-04-13].https://www.ixueshu.com/document/23e65a59f4f4f4638323d9024fb876cc. html#pdfpreview.]