三江源国家公园种子植物区系特征分析
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摘要
该研究在2017年和2018年多次野外调查的基础上,结合相关资料对三江源国家公园内的种子植物进行统计并分析其植物区系的组成、性质及特点。结果表明:(1)三江源国家公园共有种子植物50科232属832种,以耐旱耐寒的多年生草本为主,木本植物较少,是三江源自然保护区种子植物的核心分布区。(2)该公园以长江源园区植物资源丰富度最高,澜沧江源园区和黄河源园区依次递减,其中,有244种种子植物在3个园区内均有分布。(3)在科的层次上,小科和中等科是构成该园区科的主体,而以禾本科为代表的12个大科和较大科共同构成了该园区种子植物的优势科。在属的层次上,单种属是构成该园区属的主体,中等属所含种子植物种数最多。(4)该区科的分布区类型以世界分布类型为主,除世界分布科外,该园区的科主要体现了温带性质的分布特点。(5)该区属的分布区类型具有明显的温带性质,与欧亚大陆联系紧密,以北温带分布类型为主要组成成分。(6)该区种子植物的种可分为中国特有种和非中国特有种两大类,中国特有种的分布与横断山脉密切联系,影响该区区系的形成。非中国特有种的分布中亚成分和东亚成分为主,北温带成分、温带亚洲成分等的共同参与和影响下形成明显的温带性质。(7)该园区种子植物资源的丰富性、生活型的多样性及科、属、种的温带性质的分布特点,充分体现了园区的种子植物区系与其独特的地理位置和气候条件相适应。
Based on the multiple field surveys in 2017 and 2018, the study combined the relevant data to analyze the seed plants in Sanjiangyuan National Park and analyze the composition, nature and characteristics of the flora. The results showed that:(1) there are 832 species of 232 genera and 50 species of seed plants in Sanjiangyuan National Park. Drought-tolerant and cold-tolerant perennial herbs are the main components, and woody plants are less. It is the core distribution area of seed plants in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve.(2) The park has the highest plant resource richness in the Yangtze River source park, and the Lancang river source park and the Yellow River Source Park are successively decreasing. Among them, 244 seed plants are distributed in all three parks.(3) At the level of the family, the small and medium-sized departments constitute the main body of the park, while the 12 larger and large families represented by the grass family together constitute the superiority of the seed plants in the park. At the genera level, a single genera constitutes the main body of the Sanjiangyuan National Park' genera, and the medium genera contains the largest number of seed plants.(4) The type of distribution area of this district is mainly distributed in the world. Except for cosmopolitan, the section of the park mainly reflects the distribution characteristics of temperate nature.(5) The type of distribution area of genera has obvious temperate nature, closely related to Eurasia, and the distribution of north temperate is the main component.(6) The species of seed plants in this area are divided into two categories: endemic to China and endemic to non-Chinese species. The distribution of endemic species in China is closely related to the Hengduan Mountains, which affects the formation of the flora. The distribution of non-Chinese endemic species has obvious temperate nature under the joint influence with central Asia and East Asia and secondary influence with temperate Asia and North temperate.(7) The richness of seed plant resources, the diversity of life forms and the distribution characteristics of temperate nature of families, genera and species in this park fully reflect that the plant flora of the park is compatible with its unique geographical location and climatic conditions.
Based on the multiple field surveys in 2017 and 2018, the study combined the relevant data to analyze the seed plants in Sanjiangyuan National Park and analyze the composition, nature and characteristics of the flora. The results showed that:(1) there are 832 species of 232 genera and 50 species of seed plants in Sanjiangyuan National Park. Drought-tolerant and cold-tolerant perennial herbs are the main components, and woody plants are less. It is the core distribution area of seed plants in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve.(2) The park has the highest plant resource richness in the Yangtze River source park, and the Lancang river source park and the Yellow River Source Park are successively decreasing. Among them, 244 seed plants are distributed in all three parks.(3) At the level of the family, the small and medium-sized departments constitute the main body of the park, while the 12 larger and large families represented by the grass family together constitute the superiority of the seed plants in the park. At the genera level, a single genera constitutes the main body of the Sanjiangyuan National Park' genera, and the medium genera contains the largest number of seed plants.(4) The type of distribution area of this district is mainly distributed in the world. Except for cosmopolitan, the section of the park mainly reflects the distribution characteristics of temperate nature.(5) The type of distribution area of genera has obvious temperate nature, closely related to Eurasia, and the distribution of north temperate is the main component.(6) The species of seed plants in this area are divided into two categories: endemic to China and endemic to non-Chinese species. The distribution of endemic species in China is closely related to the Hengduan Mountains, which affects the formation of the flora. The distribution of non-Chinese endemic species has obvious temperate nature under the joint influence with central Asia and East Asia and secondary influence with temperate Asia and North temperate.(7) The richness of seed plant resources, the diversity of life forms and the distribution characteristics of temperate nature of families, genera and species in this park fully reflect that the plant flora of the park is compatible with its unique geographical location and climatic conditions.
引文
[1] 赵济.中国自然地理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1995.
[2] 李锡文.中国种子植物区系统计分析[J].云南植物研究,1996,(4):3-24.LI X W.Floristic statistics and analyses of seed plants from China [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1996,(4):3-24.
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[4] HUANG J,MA K,HUANG J.Phytogeographical patterns of genera of endemic flora in relation to latitudinal and climatic gradients in China[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,2017,303(6):689-698.
[5] RODRíGUEZ M A,ANGUEYRA A,CLEEF A M,et al.Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán:climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes[J].Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine,2018,14(1):34.
[6] YANG M,LU Z,FAN Z,et al.Distribution of non-native plant species along elevation gradients in a protected area in the eastern Himalayas,China[J].Alpine Botany,2018.
[7] LI E G,HUANG Y M,CHEN H Y,et al.Floristic diversity analysis of the Ordos Plateau,a biodiversity hotspot in arid and semi-arid areas of China[J].Folia Geobotanica,2019:1-12.
[8] GANJURJAV H,GORNISH E S,HU G Z,et al.Temperature leads to annual changes of plant community composition in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2018,190(10):585.
[9] LUO J,NIU F J,LIN Z J,et al.Variations in the northern permafrost boundary over the last four decades in the Xidatan region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science.2018,Vol.15(No.4):765-778.
[10] 付梦娣,田俊量,朱彦鹏,等.三江源国家公园功能分区与目标管理[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):71-79.FU M D,TIAN J L,ZHU Y P,et al.Identification of functional zones and methods of target management in Sanjiangyuan National Park [J].Biodiversity Science,2017,25(1):71-79.
[11] 宋瑞玲,王昊,张迪,等.基于MODIS-EVI评估三江源高寒草地的保护成效[J].生物多样性,2018,26(2):149-157.SONG R L,HAO H,ZHANG D,et al.Conservation outcomes assessment of Sanjiangyuan alpine grassland with MODIS-EVI approach [J].Biodiversity Science,2018,26(2):149-157.
[12] 乔慧捷,汪晓意,王伟,等.从自然保护区到国家公园体制试点:三江源国家公园环境覆盖的变化及其对两栖爬行类保护的启示[J].生物多样性,2018,26(2):202-209.QIAO H J,WANG X Y,WANG W,et al.From nature reserve to national park system pilot:Changes of environmental coverage in the Three-River-Source National Park and implications for amphibian and reptile conservation[J].Biodiversity Science,2018,26(2):202-209.
[13] 蔡振媛,覃雯,高红梅,等.三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析[J/OL].兽类学报:1-11[2019-03-03].https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150215.CAI Z Y,QIN W,GAO H M,et al.Species diversity and fauna of mammals in Sanjiangyuan National Park [J/OL].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1-11:1-11[2019-03-03].https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150215.
[14] 刘尚武.青海植物志(第一卷)[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1997.
[15] 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[16] 吴征镒,周浙昆,李德铢,等.世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统[J].云南植物研究,2003,(3):245-257.WU Z Y,ZHOU Z K,LI D Z,et al.The areal-types of the world families of seed plants [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2003,(3):245-257.
[17] 吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].植物资源与环境学报,1991,(S4):1-139.WU Z Y.The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,(S4):1-139.
[18] 吴征镒,周浙昆,孙航,等.种子植物分布区类型及其起源和分化[J].昆明:云南科技出版社,2006
[19] 段义忠,李娟,杜忠毓,等.毛乌素沙地天然植物多样性组成及区系特征分析[J].西北植物学报,2018,38(4):188-197.DUAN Y Z,LI J,DU Z Y,et al.Analysis of biodiversity and flora characteristics of natural plants in Mu Us Sandy Land [J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2018,38(4):188-197.
[20] 李冬琳,邓双文,邢福武,等.海南文昌维管植物区系特征分析[J].植物科学学报,2018,36(3):309-319.LI D L,DENG S W,XING F W,et al.Analysis of the floristic characteristics of vascular plants in Wenchang Hainan [J].Plant Science Journal,2018,36(3):309-319.
[21] 孙海群,孙康迪,马世鹏.青海省野生种子植物区系分析[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2016,(10):144-150.SUN H Q,SUN K D,MA S P.Flora analysis of wild seed plants in Qinghai Province [J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,(10):144-150.
[22] 吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国植物区系中的特有性及其起源和分化[J].云南植物研究,2005,27(6):577-604.WU Z Y,SUN H,ZHOU Z K,et al.Origin and differentiation of endemism in the flora of China [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2005,27(6):577-604.
[23] 吴玉虎,史惠兰.柴达木盆地及其毗邻山地植物区系研究[J].西北植物学报,2018,38(8):1 542-1 552.WU Y H,SHI H L.The seed plant flora of the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous mountainous region in Qinghai Province [J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2018,38(8):1 542-1 552.
[24] 马世鹏,孙海群.三江源自然保护区湿地种子植物区系分析[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2015,33(4):17-24.MA S P,SUN H Q.Flora of seed plants in wetlands of the Sanjiangyuan Natural Reserve [J].Journal of Qinghai University (Natural Science Edition),2015,33(4):17-24.
[2] 李锡文.中国种子植物区系统计分析[J].云南植物研究,1996,(4):3-24.LI X W.Floristic statistics and analyses of seed plants from China [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1996,(4):3-24.
[3] DIKAREVA T V,MALKHAZOVA S M,RUMYANTSEV VY,et al.Effect of arid conditions on the distribution of poisonous plants in the regional biomes of Russia[J].Arid Ecosystems,2018,8(1):64-72.
[4] HUANG J,MA K,HUANG J.Phytogeographical patterns of genera of endemic flora in relation to latitudinal and climatic gradients in China[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,2017,303(6):689-698.
[5] RODRíGUEZ M A,ANGUEYRA A,CLEEF A M,et al.Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán:climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes[J].Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine,2018,14(1):34.
[6] YANG M,LU Z,FAN Z,et al.Distribution of non-native plant species along elevation gradients in a protected area in the eastern Himalayas,China[J].Alpine Botany,2018.
[7] LI E G,HUANG Y M,CHEN H Y,et al.Floristic diversity analysis of the Ordos Plateau,a biodiversity hotspot in arid and semi-arid areas of China[J].Folia Geobotanica,2019:1-12.
[8] GANJURJAV H,GORNISH E S,HU G Z,et al.Temperature leads to annual changes of plant community composition in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2018,190(10):585.
[9] LUO J,NIU F J,LIN Z J,et al.Variations in the northern permafrost boundary over the last four decades in the Xidatan region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science.2018,Vol.15(No.4):765-778.
[10] 付梦娣,田俊量,朱彦鹏,等.三江源国家公园功能分区与目标管理[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):71-79.FU M D,TIAN J L,ZHU Y P,et al.Identification of functional zones and methods of target management in Sanjiangyuan National Park [J].Biodiversity Science,2017,25(1):71-79.
[11] 宋瑞玲,王昊,张迪,等.基于MODIS-EVI评估三江源高寒草地的保护成效[J].生物多样性,2018,26(2):149-157.SONG R L,HAO H,ZHANG D,et al.Conservation outcomes assessment of Sanjiangyuan alpine grassland with MODIS-EVI approach [J].Biodiversity Science,2018,26(2):149-157.
[12] 乔慧捷,汪晓意,王伟,等.从自然保护区到国家公园体制试点:三江源国家公园环境覆盖的变化及其对两栖爬行类保护的启示[J].生物多样性,2018,26(2):202-209.QIAO H J,WANG X Y,WANG W,et al.From nature reserve to national park system pilot:Changes of environmental coverage in the Three-River-Source National Park and implications for amphibian and reptile conservation[J].Biodiversity Science,2018,26(2):202-209.
[13] 蔡振媛,覃雯,高红梅,等.三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析[J/OL].兽类学报:1-11[2019-03-03].https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150215.CAI Z Y,QIN W,GAO H M,et al.Species diversity and fauna of mammals in Sanjiangyuan National Park [J/OL].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1-11:1-11[2019-03-03].https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150215.
[14] 刘尚武.青海植物志(第一卷)[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1997.
[15] 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[16] 吴征镒,周浙昆,李德铢,等.世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统[J].云南植物研究,2003,(3):245-257.WU Z Y,ZHOU Z K,LI D Z,et al.The areal-types of the world families of seed plants [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2003,(3):245-257.
[17] 吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].植物资源与环境学报,1991,(S4):1-139.WU Z Y.The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,(S4):1-139.
[18] 吴征镒,周浙昆,孙航,等.种子植物分布区类型及其起源和分化[J].昆明:云南科技出版社,2006
[19] 段义忠,李娟,杜忠毓,等.毛乌素沙地天然植物多样性组成及区系特征分析[J].西北植物学报,2018,38(4):188-197.DUAN Y Z,LI J,DU Z Y,et al.Analysis of biodiversity and flora characteristics of natural plants in Mu Us Sandy Land [J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2018,38(4):188-197.
[20] 李冬琳,邓双文,邢福武,等.海南文昌维管植物区系特征分析[J].植物科学学报,2018,36(3):309-319.LI D L,DENG S W,XING F W,et al.Analysis of the floristic characteristics of vascular plants in Wenchang Hainan [J].Plant Science Journal,2018,36(3):309-319.
[21] 孙海群,孙康迪,马世鹏.青海省野生种子植物区系分析[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2016,(10):144-150.SUN H Q,SUN K D,MA S P.Flora analysis of wild seed plants in Qinghai Province [J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,(10):144-150.
[22] 吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国植物区系中的特有性及其起源和分化[J].云南植物研究,2005,27(6):577-604.WU Z Y,SUN H,ZHOU Z K,et al.Origin and differentiation of endemism in the flora of China [J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2005,27(6):577-604.
[23] 吴玉虎,史惠兰.柴达木盆地及其毗邻山地植物区系研究[J].西北植物学报,2018,38(8):1 542-1 552.WU Y H,SHI H L.The seed plant flora of the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous mountainous region in Qinghai Province [J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2018,38(8):1 542-1 552.
[24] 马世鹏,孙海群.三江源自然保护区湿地种子植物区系分析[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版),2015,33(4):17-24.MA S P,SUN H Q.Flora of seed plants in wetlands of the Sanjiangyuan Natural Reserve [J].Journal of Qinghai University (Natural Science Edition),2015,33(4):17-24.