作为一种实在论的批判的语境经验主义
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摘要
批判的语境经验主义将社会和规范方面融入对科学的理解中,实践实在论也使文化和规范方面在理解科学时发挥重要作用。对二者的比较分析表明,前者可作为实在论的一种形式。二者的结合可发展出"多元社会实在论"这一新的实在论形式。在讨论了地图类比、目标导向的经验主义对不充分决定性问题的分析之后,通过借助海伦·朗基诺的最近研究可得出,多元社会实在论尽管可能,但由于缺乏上帝视角,它在为不充分决定性问题提供决定性解决方案时并不乐观。
Critical contextual empiricism has enabled to bring the social and normative aspects into the treatment of the understanding of science. Practical realism also gives the cultural and normative aspects an influential role in making sense of science. A comparative analysis of the two shows that the former can actually been taken as a version of realism. As a result of combining the two, a new version of realism that can be developed on their basis could be called " pluralist social realism" . After discussing map analogy and aimoriented empiricism which analyse the problem of under-determination, and with the help of the recent research by Helen Longino, the final conclusion of the analysis is that pluralist social realism is possible but even this development does not look promising in providing a conclusive solution of the problem of under-determination because the god's eye view is missing.
Critical contextual empiricism has enabled to bring the social and normative aspects into the treatment of the understanding of science. Practical realism also gives the cultural and normative aspects an influential role in making sense of science. A comparative analysis of the two shows that the former can actually been taken as a version of realism. As a result of combining the two, a new version of realism that can be developed on their basis could be called " pluralist social realism" . After discussing map analogy and aimoriented empiricism which analyse the problem of under-determination, and with the help of the recent research by Helen Longino, the final conclusion of the analysis is that pluralist social realism is possible but even this development does not look promising in providing a conclusive solution of the problem of under-determination because the god's eye view is missing.
引文
(1)D. S. Wilson,"Practical Realism", https://sites.google.conm/site/pearlabtoliara/curriculum/cross-cutting-content/critical-concepts-theories/factual-realism-vs-practical-realism, 2008(accessed August 14, 2018).
(1)Sumei Cheng,"A Contextual Concept of Science", Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum, Vol.4,No.2, 2016, pp.53-68.
(1)Sumei Cheng,"A Contextual Concept of Science",p.53.
(2)Nicholas Maxwell,Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism,St.Paul,Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017.
(3)Helen E. Longino, Science as Social Knowledge:Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1990.
(1)Miriam Solomon, Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No. 1, 2005, pp.211-222.
(2)Helen E. Longino, The Fate of Knowledge, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2002.
(3)Ibid.
(1)Helen E. Longino, The Fate of Knowledge.
(2)Rein Vihalemm,"Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science", Baltic Journal of European Studies, Vol.1,No.1,2011,pp.46-60.
(1)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial. Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5, No.2, 2012, p.3.
(2)Sami Pihlstrom, Structuring the World:The Issue of Realism and the Nature of Ontological Problems in Classical and Contemporary Pragmatism, Helsinki:Societas Philosophica Fennica, 1996; Sami Pihlstrom,"How(Not)to Write the History of Pragmatist Philosophy of Science?", Perspectives on Science, Vol.16, No.1, 2008, pp.26-69.
(3)Joseph Rouse, Knowledge and Power:Toward a Political Philosophy of Science, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1987; Joseph Rouse, Engaging Science:How to Understand Its Practices Philosophically, Ithaca&London:Cornell University Press, 1996; Joseph Rouse, How Scientific Practices Matter:Reclaiming Philosophical Naturalism, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 2002; Joseph Rouse,"Kuhn's Philosophy of Scientific Practice"In Thomas Kuhn, edited by T. Nickles, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.101-121.
(4)Rein Vihalemm,"Teadusfilosoofia ilma filosoofiata",Akadeemia,Vol.9,1993,pp.1800-1817.
(5)Peeter Muursepp,"Metaphysics:Inside or Outside of Science",Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.10, No.1,2017,pp.45-61.
(6)Ilkka Niiniluoto,Critical Scientific Realism, New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
(1)Nicholas Maxwell,"The Rationality of Scientific Discovery",Philosophy of Science,Vol.41,No.2,1974,pp. 123-153; Nicholas Maxwell, The Comprehensibility of the Universe:A New Conception of Science, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998; Nicholas Maxwell, The Human World in the Physical Universe:Consciousness,Free Will, and Evolution, Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001; Nicholas Maxwell, Is Science Neurotic?, London:Imperial College Press, 2004; Nicholas Maxwell, From Knowledge to Wisdom:A Revolution for Science and the Humanities, 2nd edition, London:Pentire Press, 2007.
(2)Rein Vihalemm,"Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science", Baltic Journal of European Studies, Vol.1,No.1, 2011, p.57.
(3)Joseph Rouse, Knowledge and Power:Toward a Political Philosophy of Science, Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 1987, p. 143.
(1)F.A.Muller,"Essay Review:Maxwell's Lonely War",Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics,Vol.35, No. 1, 2004, pp. 109-119; F. A. Muller,"In Defence of Constructive Empiricism:Maxwell's Master Argument and Aberrant Theories", Journal of General Philosophy of Science, Vol.39, No.1, 2008, pp.131-156.
(1)Hilary Putnam,"Why There Isn't a Ready-Made World",Synthese,Vol.51,No.2, 1982,pp. 141-167.
(2)Rein Vihalemm,"Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science", Baltic Journal of European Studies, Vol.1,No.1,2011,p.50.
(3)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial. Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5, No.2, 2012, p.3.
(4)Rein Vihalemm,"Against Standard Scientific Realism and Anti-Realism", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5,No.2, 2012, p.17.
(5)Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1981.
(6)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial, Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5, No.2, 2012, p.3.
(7)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial. Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science",p.3.
(1)Miriam Solomon, Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No. 1, 2005, pp.211-222.
(3)Ibid.,p.219.
(1)Ronald Giere, Science Without Laws, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1999.
(2)Miriam Solomon,Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism",Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No.1, 2005, p.219.
(3)Ibid., p.220.
(4)Ibid.
(1)Miriam Solomon,Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism",p.220.
(2)Ibid.
(3)Nicholas Maxwell,"The Rationality of Scientific Discovery",pp. 123-153; Nicholas Maxwell, The Comprehensibility of the Universe:A New Conception of Science; Nicholas Maxwell, The Human World in the Physical Universe:Consciousness, Free Will, and Evolution; Nicholas Maxwell, Is Science Neurotic?; Nicholas Maxwell,From Knowledge to Wisdom:A Revolution for Science and the Humanities.
(4)Helen E.Longino,The Fate of Knowledge,p.180,p.199.
(5)John Dupre, The Disorder of Things:Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science, Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1993.
(1)Miriam Solomon,Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism",Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No.1, 2005, p.221.
(2)Ibid.
(3)Ibid.
(4)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, St. Paul, Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017.
(1)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, St. Paul, Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017. p.20.
(2)Ibid., p.20.
(3)Ibid., p.21.
(4)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, p.77.
(5)Ibid., p.78.
(6)Ibid., p.79.
(7)Ibid.
(8)Ibid., p.80.
(1)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, p.80.
(2)Ibid., p.81.
(3)Helen Longino, Underdetermination a Dirty Little Secret? STS Occasional Papers 4, London:Department of Science and Technology Studies, UCL, 2016.
(4)Nicholas Maxwell,"The Rationality of Scientific Discovery",Philosophy of Science,Vol.41,No.2,1974,pp.123-153.
(5)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, St. Paul, Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017.
(6)Ibid.
(7)Helen Longino, Underdetermination a Dirty Little Secret? STS Occasional Papers 4, London:Department of Science and Technology Studies, UCL,2016,p.11.
(8)Ibid.
(9)Ibid.
(1)Helen Longino, Underdetermination a Dirty Little Secret? p. 14.
(2)Ibid.,pp. 14-15.
(3)Ibid.,p.15.
(4)Ibid.,pp.15-16.
(1)Sumei Cheng,"A Contextual Concept of Science", Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum, Vol.4,No.2, 2016, pp.53-68.
(1)Sumei Cheng,"A Contextual Concept of Science",p.53.
(2)Nicholas Maxwell,Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism,St.Paul,Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017.
(3)Helen E. Longino, Science as Social Knowledge:Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1990.
(1)Miriam Solomon, Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No. 1, 2005, pp.211-222.
(2)Helen E. Longino, The Fate of Knowledge, Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2002.
(3)Ibid.
(1)Helen E. Longino, The Fate of Knowledge.
(2)Rein Vihalemm,"Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science", Baltic Journal of European Studies, Vol.1,No.1,2011,pp.46-60.
(1)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial. Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5, No.2, 2012, p.3.
(2)Sami Pihlstrom, Structuring the World:The Issue of Realism and the Nature of Ontological Problems in Classical and Contemporary Pragmatism, Helsinki:Societas Philosophica Fennica, 1996; Sami Pihlstrom,"How(Not)to Write the History of Pragmatist Philosophy of Science?", Perspectives on Science, Vol.16, No.1, 2008, pp.26-69.
(3)Joseph Rouse, Knowledge and Power:Toward a Political Philosophy of Science, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1987; Joseph Rouse, Engaging Science:How to Understand Its Practices Philosophically, Ithaca&London:Cornell University Press, 1996; Joseph Rouse, How Scientific Practices Matter:Reclaiming Philosophical Naturalism, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 2002; Joseph Rouse,"Kuhn's Philosophy of Scientific Practice"In Thomas Kuhn, edited by T. Nickles, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.101-121.
(4)Rein Vihalemm,"Teadusfilosoofia ilma filosoofiata",Akadeemia,Vol.9,1993,pp.1800-1817.
(5)Peeter Muursepp,"Metaphysics:Inside or Outside of Science",Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.10, No.1,2017,pp.45-61.
(6)Ilkka Niiniluoto,Critical Scientific Realism, New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
(1)Nicholas Maxwell,"The Rationality of Scientific Discovery",Philosophy of Science,Vol.41,No.2,1974,pp. 123-153; Nicholas Maxwell, The Comprehensibility of the Universe:A New Conception of Science, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998; Nicholas Maxwell, The Human World in the Physical Universe:Consciousness,Free Will, and Evolution, Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001; Nicholas Maxwell, Is Science Neurotic?, London:Imperial College Press, 2004; Nicholas Maxwell, From Knowledge to Wisdom:A Revolution for Science and the Humanities, 2nd edition, London:Pentire Press, 2007.
(2)Rein Vihalemm,"Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science", Baltic Journal of European Studies, Vol.1,No.1, 2011, p.57.
(3)Joseph Rouse, Knowledge and Power:Toward a Political Philosophy of Science, Ithaca:Cornell University Press, 1987, p. 143.
(1)F.A.Muller,"Essay Review:Maxwell's Lonely War",Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics,Vol.35, No. 1, 2004, pp. 109-119; F. A. Muller,"In Defence of Constructive Empiricism:Maxwell's Master Argument and Aberrant Theories", Journal of General Philosophy of Science, Vol.39, No.1, 2008, pp.131-156.
(1)Hilary Putnam,"Why There Isn't a Ready-Made World",Synthese,Vol.51,No.2, 1982,pp. 141-167.
(2)Rein Vihalemm,"Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science", Baltic Journal of European Studies, Vol.1,No.1,2011,p.50.
(3)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial. Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5, No.2, 2012, p.3.
(4)Rein Vihalemm,"Against Standard Scientific Realism and Anti-Realism", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5,No.2, 2012, p.17.
(5)Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1981.
(6)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial, Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science", Studia Philosophica Estonica, Vol.5, No.2, 2012, p.3.
(7)Endla Lohkivi, Rein Vihalemm,"Guest Editorial. Philosophy of Science in Practice and Practical Realism.Towards a Practical Realist Account of Science",p.3.
(1)Miriam Solomon, Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No. 1, 2005, pp.211-222.
(3)Ibid.,p.219.
(1)Ronald Giere, Science Without Laws, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1999.
(2)Miriam Solomon,Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism",Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No.1, 2005, p.219.
(3)Ibid., p.220.
(4)Ibid.
(1)Miriam Solomon,Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism",p.220.
(2)Ibid.
(3)Nicholas Maxwell,"The Rationality of Scientific Discovery",pp. 123-153; Nicholas Maxwell, The Comprehensibility of the Universe:A New Conception of Science; Nicholas Maxwell, The Human World in the Physical Universe:Consciousness, Free Will, and Evolution; Nicholas Maxwell, Is Science Neurotic?; Nicholas Maxwell,From Knowledge to Wisdom:A Revolution for Science and the Humanities.
(4)Helen E.Longino,The Fate of Knowledge,p.180,p.199.
(5)John Dupre, The Disorder of Things:Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science, Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1993.
(1)Miriam Solomon,Alan Richardson,"A Critical Context for Longino's Critical Contextual Empiricism",Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol.36, No.1, 2005, p.221.
(2)Ibid.
(3)Ibid.
(4)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, St. Paul, Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017.
(1)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, St. Paul, Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017. p.20.
(2)Ibid., p.20.
(3)Ibid., p.21.
(4)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, p.77.
(5)Ibid., p.78.
(6)Ibid., p.79.
(7)Ibid.
(8)Ibid., p.80.
(1)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, p.80.
(2)Ibid., p.81.
(3)Helen Longino, Underdetermination a Dirty Little Secret? STS Occasional Papers 4, London:Department of Science and Technology Studies, UCL, 2016.
(4)Nicholas Maxwell,"The Rationality of Scientific Discovery",Philosophy of Science,Vol.41,No.2,1974,pp.123-153.
(5)Nicholas Maxwell, Understanding Scientific Progress:Aim-Oriented Empiricism, St. Paul, Minnesota:Paragon House, 2017.
(6)Ibid.
(7)Helen Longino, Underdetermination a Dirty Little Secret? STS Occasional Papers 4, London:Department of Science and Technology Studies, UCL,2016,p.11.
(8)Ibid.
(9)Ibid.
(1)Helen Longino, Underdetermination a Dirty Little Secret? p. 14.
(2)Ibid.,pp. 14-15.
(3)Ibid.,p.15.
(4)Ibid.,pp.15-16.