我国城市湿地公园保护立法研究
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摘要
住房和城乡建设部2017年通过的《城市湿地公园管理办法》是城市湿地公园保护的最高准则,各省实施的湿地保护条例没有城市湿地公园保护条款,亦无专门立法。中国现有城市湿地公园保护立法的不足主要体现在立法层级不高;《城市湿地公园管理办法》大多是宏观性规定,条文含糊、笼统,缺乏可操作性;对城市湿地公园的分类和定义不清,地方保护制度缺位;城市湿地公园的管理主体不明,职责不清。实现城市湿地公园的有效保护和治理,应当制定一部全国性的立法规范;地方立法应当因地制宜定实施细则;国家城市湿地公园应当"因园制法"和"一园一办法";立法应当明确破坏城市湿地公园的行政责任、民事责任和刑事责任。
The Urban Wetland Park Management Measures adopted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development in 2017 are the highest standards for urban wetland park protection. The wetland protection regulations implemented in various provinces have no urban wetland park protection provisions and no specific legislation. The deficiency of the existing urban wetland park protection legislation is mainly reflected in the low level of legislation. "Urban wetland park management methods" are mostly macroscopic rules, which are vague, general and lack of operability. The classification and definition of urban wetland park are unclear and the local protection system is absent. The management of urban wetland park is unclear and its responsibilities are unclear. To achieve the effective protection and management of urban wetland park, a national legislative standard should be developed. Local legislation should be formulated and implemented in accordance with local conditions. The national urban wetland park shall be "rules based on park conditions" and "one rules set for each park". The legislation should clearly the administrative responsibility, civil liability and criminal responsibility of urban wetland park destruction.
The Urban Wetland Park Management Measures adopted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development in 2017 are the highest standards for urban wetland park protection. The wetland protection regulations implemented in various provinces have no urban wetland park protection provisions and no specific legislation. The deficiency of the existing urban wetland park protection legislation is mainly reflected in the low level of legislation. "Urban wetland park management methods" are mostly macroscopic rules, which are vague, general and lack of operability. The classification and definition of urban wetland park are unclear and the local protection system is absent. The management of urban wetland park is unclear and its responsibilities are unclear. To achieve the effective protection and management of urban wetland park, a national legislative standard should be developed. Local legislation should be formulated and implemented in accordance with local conditions. The national urban wetland park shall be "rules based on park conditions" and "one rules set for each park". The legislation should clearly the administrative responsibility, civil liability and criminal responsibility of urban wetland park destruction.
引文
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[25]Zedler J B.Progress in wetland restoration ecology[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2000,15(10):402-407.
[26]Peng S L,Ren H,Zhang Q M.Theories and techniques of degraded welland ecosystem restoration[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):2026-2030.
[27]王克颖.我国湿地立法的保护范围研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2017.
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[2]Li Y F,Liu H Y,Zheng N,et al.Analysis of Trophic status and its influence factors of different water body types in Xixi national wetland park,China[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,22:768-880.
[3]Li X P,Chen M M,Anderson B C.Design and performance of a water quality treatment wetland in a public park in Shanghai,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35:18-24.
[4]沈妍慧.城市湿地公园的环境教育功能探析[J].中国园艺文摘,2016(5):82-85.
[5]吕娜,王小璘.生态水质净化技术在城市湿地公园设计中的应用:以长广溪国家城市湿地公园一期景观设计为例[J].风景园林,2013,20(5):92-97.
[6]朱磊,黄发祥.城市湿地公园规划设计中地域特色塑造方法探讨[J].华东森林经理,2010(1):58-61.
[7]徐明芳,朱玉琳,蔡平.我国城市湿地公园建设存在的问题及对策建议[J].南方农业,2013(5):24-27;34.
[8]李静,李娜,李涛.城市湿地公园维护与建设的对策探讨[J].经济研究导刊,2014(33):173-175.
[9]郑海霞.浅析城市湿地公园建设中存在的问题及应对策略[J].中国园艺文摘,2016(3):81-82;179.
[10]武甲.长治市国家湿地公园生态保护及景观开发的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.
[11]李阳,陈超慧,倪兢兢,等.城市湿地公园保护与建设研究:以南昌市湿地公园为例[J].现代园艺,2017(15):99-100.
[12]骆林川,杨德礼,马军.城市湿地公园评价体系研究[J].当代经济管理,2008(9):49-54.
[13]蔡文洁.城市湿地公园建设项目环境影响评价方法探讨[J].海峡科学,2009(6):35-36;59.
[14]黄彪,刘晓明,黄三祥,等.璧山县观音塘城市湿地公园评价体系研究[J].风景园林,2013,20(6):140-143.
[15]骆天庆.美国城市公园的建设管理与发展启示:以洛杉矶市为例[J].中国园林,2013,29(7):67-71.
[16]杨锐.美国国家公园规划体系评述[J].中国园林,2003,19(1):44-47.
[17]林广思,杨锐.我国城乡园林绿化法规分析[J].中国园林,2010,26(12):29-32.
[18]赵智聪,刘雪华,杨锐.作为文化景观的风景名胜区认知与保护问题识别[J].中国园林,2013,29(11):30-33.
[19]张振威.风景的法治,法治的风景:交叉学科研究感悟[J].风景园林,2015,22(4):115-116.
[20]张振威,杨锐.中国国家公园与自然保护地立法若干问题探讨[J].中国园林,2016,32(2):70-73.
[21]杨锐.论中国国家公园体制建设中的九对关系[J].中国园林,2014,30(8):5-8.
[22]吴大华,谢勇.贵阳花溪城市湿地公园立法刍议[J].昆明理工大学学报:社会科学版,2010(4):12-14;28.
[23]仇保兴.城市湿地公园的社会、经济和生态意义:以绍兴市镜泊湖国家城市湿地公园为例[J].中国园林,2006,22(1):16-17.
[24]Ann L R.Restoring Streams in the Cities:A Guide for Planners,Policymakers,and Citizens[M].Washington D.C.:Island Press,1998.
[25]Zedler J B.Progress in wetland restoration ecology[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2000,15(10):402-407.
[26]Peng S L,Ren H,Zhang Q M.Theories and techniques of degraded welland ecosystem restoration[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):2026-2030.
[27]王克颖.我国湿地立法的保护范围研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2017.
[28]中华人民共和国自然保护区条例(2017年修订)[EB/OL].[2017-10-24].http://www.zjoaf.gov.cn/zfxxgk/gkml/zcfg/flfg/2017/10/24/2017102400007.shtml.
[29]关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约[EB/OL].http://www.nbepb.gov.cn/uploadfiles/code/hbflfg/law/5009.htm.
[30]中华人民共和国立法法(2015年修正)[EB/OL].[2015-03-18].http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/dbdhhy/12_3/2015-03/18/content_1930713.htm.
[31]龚亮.从试点到全面实施:“国家队”的公益诉讼之路[N].光明日报,2017-07-13(15).