层次分析法在若尔盖湿地退化研究中的应用
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摘要
若尔盖高原沼泽湿地是我国面积最大的高寒沼泽湿地,在涵养水源、调节气候等方面具有十分重要的生态功能.采用Arcgis版本,分别从1978、1990、2000和2008年的中国湿地分布图中提取出若尔盖高原的湿地分布图,分析4个时期湿地的面积变化.发现若尔盖高原湿地面积由1978年的6 170 km~2下降至2008年的5 379 km~2,整体变化幅度为-12.83%,变化率为-0.43%.通过层次分析法分析若尔盖高原湿地面积减少的驱动因子,发现导致湿地面积减少的主要因子是超载过牧、挖沟排水、降雨变化、鼠虫害、人口增长,其权重值分别为0.380 1、0.157 3、0.138 6、0.075 2、0.073 3.上述结果表明若尔盖高原湿地在过去30年呈退化趋势,而导致湿地退化的原因是自然因素和人类活动的共同作用.
Climate change and human activity have changed the Zoige wetland area significantly. However, how the area has varied in the past 30 years remains poorly understood. This study quantified the variation tendency and rate of the Zoige wetland area from 1978 to 2008 with Arcgis and analyzed the driving factors using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)methods. The result showed that the Zoige wetland area decreased by 12.83% from 1978(6 170 km~2) to 2008(5 379 km~2), with a decreasing rate of 0.43% per year. We found that overgrazing, drainage, precipitation change, rodent damage, and population growth were the main driving factors of the decrease in the area of the Zoige wetland, with the driving weights of 0.380 1,0.157 3, 0.138 6, 0.075 2, and 0.073 3, respectively. In conclusion, we found that the Zoige wetland area has degraded continuously in the past 30 years because of the co-function of natural factors and human activity.
Climate change and human activity have changed the Zoige wetland area significantly. However, how the area has varied in the past 30 years remains poorly understood. This study quantified the variation tendency and rate of the Zoige wetland area from 1978 to 2008 with Arcgis and analyzed the driving factors using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)methods. The result showed that the Zoige wetland area decreased by 12.83% from 1978(6 170 km~2) to 2008(5 379 km~2), with a decreasing rate of 0.43% per year. We found that overgrazing, drainage, precipitation change, rodent damage, and population growth were the main driving factors of the decrease in the area of the Zoige wetland, with the driving weights of 0.380 1,0.157 3, 0.138 6, 0.075 2, and 0.073 3, respectively. In conclusion, we found that the Zoige wetland area has degraded continuously in the past 30 years because of the co-function of natural factors and human activity.
引文
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22王根绪,刘进其,陈玲.黑河流域典型区土地利用格局变化及影响比较[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):339-348[Wang GX,Liu JQ,Chen L.Comparison of spatial diversity of land use changes and the impacts on two typical areas of Heihe River Basin[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2006,61(4):339-348]
23汪应洛.系统工程[M].3版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003[Wang YL.System Engineering[M].3nd ed.Beijing:Machinery Industry Press,2003]
24 Wu C,Chen W,Cao C,Tian R,Liu D,Bao D.Diagnosis of wetland ecosystem health in the Zoige wetland,Sichuan of china[J].Wetlands,2018(3):1-16
25李崧,邱微,赵庆良,刘正茂.层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(5):1031-1034[Li S,Qiu W,Zhao QL,Liu ZM.Applying analytical hierarchy process to assess ecoenvironment quality of Heilongjiang Province[J].Environ Sci,2006,27(5):1031-1034]
26王根绪,李元寿,王一博,陈玲.近40年来青藏高原典型高寒湿地系统的动态变化[J].地理学报,2007,62(5):481-491.[Wang GX,Li YS,Wang YB,Chen L.Typical alpine wetland system changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in recent 40 years[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2007,62(5):481-491]
27王云川,易桂花,张廷斌,别小娟,王继斌,孙姣姣.近35a若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽变化趋势与驱动力分析[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):403-410[Wang YC,YI GH,Zhang TB,Bie XJ,Wang JB,Sun JJ.Change trend and driving force of peatlands in the Zoige plateau in recent 35 years[J].Arid Zone Res,2017,34(2):403-410]
28 Jiang W,LüJ,Wang C,Chen Z,Liu Y.Marsh wetland degradation risk assessment and change analysis:a case study in the zoige plateau[J].Ecol Indic,2017,82:316-326
29 Poff NL,Brinson MM,Day JW.Aquatic ecosystems and global climate change:potential impacts on inland freshwater and coastal wetland ecosystems in the United States[R].Pew Center for Aquatic Ecosystem&Global Climate Change,2002
30 Holland CC,Honea JE,Gwin SE,Kentula ME.Wetland degradation and loss in the rapidly urbanizing area of Portland,Oregon[J].Wetlands,1995,15(4):336-345
31 Zhou D,Gong H,Wang Y,Khan S,Zhao K.Driving forces for the marsh wetland degradation in the Honghe national nature reserve in Sanjiang plain,northeast China.Environ Mod Assess,2009,14(1):101-111
32游宇驰,李志威,李希来.1990-2011年若尔盖高原土地覆盖变化[J].水利水电科技进展,2018,38(2):62-69[You YC,Li ZW,Li XL.Land cover change in Zoige Plateau during 1990-2011[J].Adv Sci Technol Water Resour,2018,38(2):62-69]
33 Zhang W,Lu Q,Song K,Qin G,Wang Y,Wang X,Li H,Li J,Li H,Li H,Remotely sensing the ecological influences of ditches in Zoige Peatland,eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Int J Remote Sens,2014,35(13):5186-5197
34张顺谦,郭海燕,罗勇.气候变化和载畜量对若尔盖草地沙化的驱动力评价[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(5):64-71.[Zhang SQ,Guo HY,Luo Y.Assessment on driving force of climate change and livestock grazing capacity to grassland sanding in Ruoergai[J].Chin J Grassl,2007,29(5):64-71]
35郭洁,李国平.若尔盖气候变化及其对湿地退化的影响[J].高原气象,2007,26(2):422-428[Guo J,Li GP.Zoige climate change and its impact on wetland degradation[J].Plateau Meteorol,2007,26(2):422-428]
36刘春兰,谢高地,肖玉.气候变化对白洋淀湿地的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(2):245-245[Liu CL,Xie GD,Xiao Y.Impact of climate change on Baiyangdian wetland[J].Resour Environ Yangtza Basin,2007,16(2):245-245]
37强皓凡,靳晓言,赵璐,卢泽华.基于相对湿润度指数的近56年若尔盖湿地干湿变化[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(1):172-177[Qiang HF,Jin XY,Zhao L,Lu ZH.Dry-wet condition variations in Zoige Wetland in recent 56 years based on relative humidity index[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,2018,25(1):172-177]
2 Zedler JB,Kercher S.Wetland resources:status,trends,ecosystem services,and restorability[J].Annu Rev Environ Resour,2005,15(30):39-74
3 Davis TJ.Towards the Wise Use of Wetlands:Report of the Ramsar Convention Wise Use Project[M].Ramsar:Ramsar Convention Bureau,1993:1-114
4 Immerzeel WW,Bierkens MFP.Seasonal prediction of monsoon rainfall in three Asian river basins:the importance of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Int J Climatol,2010,30(12):1835-1842
5白军红,欧阳华,崔保山,王庆改,陈辉.近40年来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观格局变化[J].生态学报,2008,28(5):2245-2252.[Bai JH,Ou YH,Cui BS,Wang QG,Chen H.Changes in landscape pattern of alpine wetlands on the Zoige Plateau in the past four decades[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2008,28(5):2245-2252]
6汪靖华.气候变化对若尔盖湿地沙化的影响研究[D].成都:四川师范大学,2012[Wang JH.The effect of climate change to the desertification of Ruoergai wetland[D].Chegndu:Sichuan Normal University,2012]
7罗清,彭国照.若尔盖及其邻近地区气候变化对湿地生态环境的影响[J].高原山地气象研究,2008,28(3):44-48[Luo Q,Peng GZ.Climate change in Zoige Plateau and adjacent zone and its impact on wetland environment[J].Plat Mount Meteorol Res,2008,28(3):44-48]
8杨永兴,王世岩.人类活动干扰对若尔盖高原沼泽土、泥炭土资源影响的研究[J].资源科学,2001,23(2):37-41[Yang YX,Wang SY.Human disturbances on mire and peat soils in the Zoige Plateau[J].Resour Sci,2001,23(2):37-41]
9丁鹏凯,李国庆,王晶,吕婷,孔晓霞.人类活动对若尔盖湿地景观格局的影响[J].人民黄河,2016,38(7):58-63[Ding PK,Li GQ,Wang J,LüT,Kong XX.Influence of human activities to the wetland landscape pattern in Zoige Plateau[J].Yellow River,2016,38(7):58-63]
10赵魁义,娄彦景.青藏高原若尔盖湿地退化及其保育对策研究[C]//中国青藏高原研究会.中国青藏高原研究会2006学术年会论文摘要汇编,南京,2006[Zhao KY,Luo YJ.Degradation of Ruoergai wetland in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its conservation strategies[C]//Chinese Society of Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Society of Tibetan Plateau Research Annual Conference Compilation of abstracts,Nanjing,2006]
11柴岫.若尔盖高原的沼泽[M].北京:科学出版社,1965[Chai X.Zoige Swamp[M].Beijing:Science Press,1965]
12 Chen H,Yang G,Peng CH,Zhang H,Zhu D,Zhu QA,Hu J,Wang M,Zhan W,Zhu E.The carbon stock of alpine peatlands on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau during the Holocene and their future fate[J].Q Sci Rev,2014,95(7):151-158
13牛振国,张海英,王显威,姚文博,周德民,赵魁义,赵惠,李娜娜,黄华兵,李丛丛.1978-2008年中国湿地类型变化[J].科学通报,2012,57(16):1400-1411[Niu ZG,Zhang HY,Wang XW,Yao WB,Zhou DM,Zhao KY,Zhao H,Li NN,Huang HB,Li CC.Mapping wetland changes in China between 1978 and 2008[J].Chin Sci Bull,2012,57(16):1400-1411]
14若尔盖县志编纂委员会.若尔盖县志[M].北京:民族出版社,1996[Ruoergai County Records Committee.Zoige County Records[M].Beijing:National Publishing House,1996]
15若尔盖县地方志编委会.若尔盖县志:1989-2005[M].北京:九州出版社,2011[Zuo JJ,Zoige County Local Records Editorial Committee.Zoige County:1989-2005[M].Beijing:Kyushu Press,2011]
16阿坝县地方志编委会.阿坝县志:1990-2005[M].北京:方志出版社,2013[Aba County Local Records Editorial Committee.Aba County:1990-2005[M].Beijing:Fangzhi Press,2013]
17红原县地方志编纂委员会.红原县志:1992-2005[M].北京:方志出版社,2011[Zheng BL,Ma W,Hongyuan County Local Records Compilation Committee.Hongyuan County:1992-2005[M].Beijing:Fangzhi Press,2011]
18玛曲县志编纂委员会.玛曲县志:1991-2004[M].兰州:甘肃民族出版社,2006[Maqu County Chronicles Committee.Maqu County:1991-2004[M].Lanzhou:Gansu National Publishing House,2006]
19玛曲县志编纂委员会.玛曲县志[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,2001[Maqu County Compilation Committee.Maqu County[M].Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Publishing House,2001]
20碌曲县地方志编委会.碌曲县志[M].兰州:甘肃文化出版社,2006[Luqu County Local Records Editorial Committee.Luqu County[M].Lanzhou:Gansu Culture Press,2006]
21久治县志编纂委员会.久治县志[M].西安:三秦出版社,2005[The Chronicle of Zhizhi County Committee.The Chronicle of Zhizhi[M].Xian:Sanqin Publishing House,2005]
22王根绪,刘进其,陈玲.黑河流域典型区土地利用格局变化及影响比较[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):339-348[Wang GX,Liu JQ,Chen L.Comparison of spatial diversity of land use changes and the impacts on two typical areas of Heihe River Basin[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2006,61(4):339-348]
23汪应洛.系统工程[M].3版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003[Wang YL.System Engineering[M].3nd ed.Beijing:Machinery Industry Press,2003]
24 Wu C,Chen W,Cao C,Tian R,Liu D,Bao D.Diagnosis of wetland ecosystem health in the Zoige wetland,Sichuan of china[J].Wetlands,2018(3):1-16
25李崧,邱微,赵庆良,刘正茂.层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(5):1031-1034[Li S,Qiu W,Zhao QL,Liu ZM.Applying analytical hierarchy process to assess ecoenvironment quality of Heilongjiang Province[J].Environ Sci,2006,27(5):1031-1034]
26王根绪,李元寿,王一博,陈玲.近40年来青藏高原典型高寒湿地系统的动态变化[J].地理学报,2007,62(5):481-491.[Wang GX,Li YS,Wang YB,Chen L.Typical alpine wetland system changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in recent 40 years[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2007,62(5):481-491]
27王云川,易桂花,张廷斌,别小娟,王继斌,孙姣姣.近35a若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽变化趋势与驱动力分析[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):403-410[Wang YC,YI GH,Zhang TB,Bie XJ,Wang JB,Sun JJ.Change trend and driving force of peatlands in the Zoige plateau in recent 35 years[J].Arid Zone Res,2017,34(2):403-410]
28 Jiang W,LüJ,Wang C,Chen Z,Liu Y.Marsh wetland degradation risk assessment and change analysis:a case study in the zoige plateau[J].Ecol Indic,2017,82:316-326
29 Poff NL,Brinson MM,Day JW.Aquatic ecosystems and global climate change:potential impacts on inland freshwater and coastal wetland ecosystems in the United States[R].Pew Center for Aquatic Ecosystem&Global Climate Change,2002
30 Holland CC,Honea JE,Gwin SE,Kentula ME.Wetland degradation and loss in the rapidly urbanizing area of Portland,Oregon[J].Wetlands,1995,15(4):336-345
31 Zhou D,Gong H,Wang Y,Khan S,Zhao K.Driving forces for the marsh wetland degradation in the Honghe national nature reserve in Sanjiang plain,northeast China.Environ Mod Assess,2009,14(1):101-111
32游宇驰,李志威,李希来.1990-2011年若尔盖高原土地覆盖变化[J].水利水电科技进展,2018,38(2):62-69[You YC,Li ZW,Li XL.Land cover change in Zoige Plateau during 1990-2011[J].Adv Sci Technol Water Resour,2018,38(2):62-69]
33 Zhang W,Lu Q,Song K,Qin G,Wang Y,Wang X,Li H,Li J,Li H,Li H,Remotely sensing the ecological influences of ditches in Zoige Peatland,eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Int J Remote Sens,2014,35(13):5186-5197
34张顺谦,郭海燕,罗勇.气候变化和载畜量对若尔盖草地沙化的驱动力评价[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(5):64-71.[Zhang SQ,Guo HY,Luo Y.Assessment on driving force of climate change and livestock grazing capacity to grassland sanding in Ruoergai[J].Chin J Grassl,2007,29(5):64-71]
35郭洁,李国平.若尔盖气候变化及其对湿地退化的影响[J].高原气象,2007,26(2):422-428[Guo J,Li GP.Zoige climate change and its impact on wetland degradation[J].Plateau Meteorol,2007,26(2):422-428]
36刘春兰,谢高地,肖玉.气候变化对白洋淀湿地的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(2):245-245[Liu CL,Xie GD,Xiao Y.Impact of climate change on Baiyangdian wetland[J].Resour Environ Yangtza Basin,2007,16(2):245-245]
37强皓凡,靳晓言,赵璐,卢泽华.基于相对湿润度指数的近56年若尔盖湿地干湿变化[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(1):172-177[Qiang HF,Jin XY,Zhao L,Lu ZH.Dry-wet condition variations in Zoige Wetland in recent 56 years based on relative humidity index[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,2018,25(1):172-177]