天津一次雾-霾天气过程的近地层温湿结构和湍流特征分析
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摘要
采用地面大气能见度、PM_(2.5)质量浓度、梯度气象资料、塔上湍流观测资料等多种资料及后向轨迹方法,分析近地层温湿结构和湍流特征对2016年12月16日—21日天津地区一次严重持续雾霾天气演变过程的影响.结果表明,本次雾霾天气过程可以明显的分为霾、雾的生成和发展、雾成熟和雾霾消散等4个阶段,近地层温度、相对湿度和风的垂直分布及湍流特征对各阶段的雾-霾转化起到了重要作用.霾生成期间,偏南气流盛行,地面风速降低,RH不断增大,湍流不活跃;地面辐射降温引发了近地层内显著的强逆温,并导致RH由地面到高空逐渐增大,有利于雾的生成和发展;感热通量和潜热通量爆发式增长,导致逆温层瓦解,雾顶继续抬升,雾进入成熟阶段,湍流活动减弱;受西北气流影响,湍流活跃,高空的干冷气团向下取代地面暖湿气团,结束本次雾霾天气过程.采用近地层温湿结构和湍流特征资料,可用于雾-霾天气的演变及其转化过程精细分析.
The influence of the vertical structure for temperature and humidity in the boundary layer and the characteristics of turbulence on the evolution of a severe persistent haze-fog event in Tianjin during December 16 to 21 in 2016 was discussed in this study,by using theobserved surface mass concentration of PM_(2.5),visibility,gradient meteorological data,turbulence observation data on the tower,as well as the backward trajectory method. The results showed that the haze eventcouldbe divided into four stages,i.e.,the formation of fog-haze,the development of fog-haze,the mature of fog and the dissipation of fog-haze. The vertical distribution of temperature,relative humidity and wind in the surface layer,as well as the characteristics of turbulence played an important role in the fog-haze transformation in each stage.During the formation stage,the southerly wind prevailed in this region,with decreases in the wind speed near the surface,increases in RH,and the suppressed turbulence. The reduction in the surface temperature due to decreases in solar radiation could lead to a strong inversion in the surface layer and the gradual increase in RH from the ground to the upper air,which was conduciveto the formation and development of the fog. In the mature stage,the sensible and latent heat flux exhibited explosive growth,leading to the collapse of the inversion layer,the lifting of the fog top layer,and the weakened turbulence. With the influence of northwest wind,the turbulence became more active,the dry cold air mass at high altitude moved downward,and replaced the warm and wet air mass near the surface,and the haze-fog process ended.By using the vertical data of temperature and moisture,as well as the turbulence data,the evolution and transformation of fog-hazeevent can be analyzed more accurately.
The influence of the vertical structure for temperature and humidity in the boundary layer and the characteristics of turbulence on the evolution of a severe persistent haze-fog event in Tianjin during December 16 to 21 in 2016 was discussed in this study,by using theobserved surface mass concentration of PM_(2.5),visibility,gradient meteorological data,turbulence observation data on the tower,as well as the backward trajectory method. The results showed that the haze eventcouldbe divided into four stages,i.e.,the formation of fog-haze,the development of fog-haze,the mature of fog and the dissipation of fog-haze. The vertical distribution of temperature,relative humidity and wind in the surface layer,as well as the characteristics of turbulence played an important role in the fog-haze transformation in each stage.During the formation stage,the southerly wind prevailed in this region,with decreases in the wind speed near the surface,increases in RH,and the suppressed turbulence. The reduction in the surface temperature due to decreases in solar radiation could lead to a strong inversion in the surface layer and the gradual increase in RH from the ground to the upper air,which was conduciveto the formation and development of the fog. In the mature stage,the sensible and latent heat flux exhibited explosive growth,leading to the collapse of the inversion layer,the lifting of the fog top layer,and the weakened turbulence. With the influence of northwest wind,the turbulence became more active,the dry cold air mass at high altitude moved downward,and replaced the warm and wet air mass near the surface,and the haze-fog process ended.By using the vertical data of temperature and moisture,as well as the turbulence data,the evolution and transformation of fog-hazeevent can be analyzed more accurately.
引文
蔡子颖,刘爱霞,韩素芹,等.2014.天津低能见度特征初探[J].气象,40(1):114-118
蔡子颖,姚青,韩素芹,等.2017a.21世纪以来天津细颗粒物气象扩散能力趋势分析[J].中国环境科学,37(6):2040-2046
蔡子颖,姚青,韩素芹,等.2017b.气溶胶直接效应对天津气象和空气质量的影响[J].中国环境科学,37(3):908-914
邓雪娇,李菲,吴兑,等.2011.广州地区典型清洁与污染过程的大气湍流与物质交换特征[J].中国环境科学,31(9):1424-1430
E J麦卡特尼.1988.大气光学-分子和粒子散射[M].北京:科学出版社
郭丽君,郭学良,方春刚,等.2015.华北一次持续性重度雾霾天气的产生、演变与转化特征观测分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,45:427-443
Han S,Cai Z,Zhang Y,et al.2015a.Long-term trends in fog and boundary layer characteristics in Tianjin,China[J].Particuology,20:61-68
Han S,Hao T,Zhang Y,et al.2018a.Vertical observation and analysis on rapid formation and evolutionary mechanisms of a prolonged haze episode over central-eastern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,616-617:135-146
Han S,Liu J,Hao T,et al.2018b.Boundary layer structure and scavenging effect during a typical winter haze-fog episode in a core city of BTH region,China[J].Atmospheric Enviroment,179:187-200
Han S,Wu J,Zhang Y,et al.2014.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a winter haze-fog episode in Tianjin,China[J].Atmospheric Enviroment,98:323-330
Han S,Zhang Y,Wu J,et al.2015b.Evaluation of regional background particulate matter concentration based on vertical distribution characteristics[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,15:11165-11177
Hao T,Han S,Chen S,et al.2017.The role of fog in haze episode in Tianjin,China:A case study for November 2015[J].Atmospheric Research,194:235-244
花丛,张碧辉,张恒德.2015.2013年1-2月华北雾、霾天气边界层特征对比分析[J].气象,41(9):1144-1151
李敏娜,牛生杰,张舒婷,等,2015.南京雾-霾天气个例湍流运动特征的对比研究[J].气象学报,73(3):593-608
李晓岚,张宏升.2012.2010年春季北京地区强沙尘暴过程的微气象学特征[J].气候与环境研究,17(4):400-408
廖晓农,张小玲,王迎春,等.2014.北京地区冬夏季持续性雾-霾发生的环境气象条件对比分析[J].环境科学,35(6):2031-2044
刘超,马学款.2017.2016年12月大气环流和天气分析[J].气象,43(3):378-384
Liu D,Yang J,Niu S,et al.2011.On the evolution and strccture of a radiation fog event in Nanjing[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,28(1):223-237
Liu X,Xie X,Yin Z Y,et al.2011.A modeling study of the effects of aerosols on clouds and precipitation over East Asia[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,106(3):343-354
刘熙明,胡非,邹海波,等.2010.北京地区一次典型大雾天气过程的边界层特征分析[J].高原气象,29(5):1174-1182
孟凯,程兴宏,徐祥德,等.2017.基于CMAQ源同化反演方法的京津冀局地污染源动态变化特征模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,37(1):52-60
Pandis S N,Seinfeld J H,Pilinis C.1990.The smog-fog-smog cycle and acid deposition[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,95:18489-18500
彭珍,刘熙明,洪钟祥,等.2007.北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征[J].气候与环境研究,12(3):267-276
Sun Y,Song T,Tang G,et al.2013.The vertical distribution of PM2.5and boundary layer structure analysis during summer haze in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,74:413-421
天津市环境保护局.2017.2016天津市环境状况公报[OL].2018-04-09.http://www.tjhb.gov.cn/root16/mechanism/standard_monitoring_of_the_Department_of_science_and_technology/201706/P020170605593040876560.pdf
Vickers D,Mahrt L.1997.Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,14(3):512-526
Wang S,Liao T T,Wang L L,et al.2016.Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,40:138-144
Wang Y S,Yao L,Wang L L,et al.2014.Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,57:14-25
吴彬贵,王兆宇,解以扬,等.2013.秋季天津城区雾中风速、温度和湿度的湍流统计特征[J].高原气象,32(5):1360-1367
Wu H,Zhang Y,Han S,et al.2015.Vertical characteristics of PM2.5during the heating season in Tianjin,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,523:152-160
吴进,李琛,孙兆彬,等.2017.北京地区两次重污染过程中PM2.5浓度爆发性增长及维持的气象条件[J].干旱气象,35(5):830-838
解以扬,刘学军.2003.天津气象塔风温梯度观测资料的统计特征[J].气象,29(1):12-16
杨军,牛忠清,石春娥,等.2010.南京冬季雾霾过程中气溶胶粒子的微物理特征[J].环境科学,31(7):1425-1431
姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.2013.一次沙尘过程对天津气溶胶浓度分布的影响[J].中国沙漠,33(4):1138-1143
姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.2014.天津冬季相对湿度对气溶胶浓度谱分布和大气能见度的影响[J].中国环境科学,34(3):596-603
尹晓梅,孙兆彬,郭淳薇,等.2017.2016年12月京津冀一次重污染天气过程分析[J].生态环境学报,26(12):2071-2083
袁东敏,马小会.2017.2016年12月16-21日重度霾过程及大气环流异常[J].气候与环境研究,22(6):757-764
张人禾,李强,张若楠.2014.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,44(1):27-36
中华人民共和国环境保护部.2017.2016中国环境状况公报[OL].2018-04-09.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201706/W020170605812243090317.pdf
赵普生,徐晓峰,孟伟,等.2012.京津冀区域霾天气特征[J].中国环境科学,32(1):31-36
周明煜,姚文清,徐祥德,等.2005.北京城市大气边界层低层垂直动力和热力特征及其与污染物浓度关系的研究[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,35(增刊Ⅰ):20-30
蔡子颖,姚青,韩素芹,等.2017a.21世纪以来天津细颗粒物气象扩散能力趋势分析[J].中国环境科学,37(6):2040-2046
蔡子颖,姚青,韩素芹,等.2017b.气溶胶直接效应对天津气象和空气质量的影响[J].中国环境科学,37(3):908-914
邓雪娇,李菲,吴兑,等.2011.广州地区典型清洁与污染过程的大气湍流与物质交换特征[J].中国环境科学,31(9):1424-1430
E J麦卡特尼.1988.大气光学-分子和粒子散射[M].北京:科学出版社
郭丽君,郭学良,方春刚,等.2015.华北一次持续性重度雾霾天气的产生、演变与转化特征观测分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,45:427-443
Han S,Cai Z,Zhang Y,et al.2015a.Long-term trends in fog and boundary layer characteristics in Tianjin,China[J].Particuology,20:61-68
Han S,Hao T,Zhang Y,et al.2018a.Vertical observation and analysis on rapid formation and evolutionary mechanisms of a prolonged haze episode over central-eastern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,616-617:135-146
Han S,Liu J,Hao T,et al.2018b.Boundary layer structure and scavenging effect during a typical winter haze-fog episode in a core city of BTH region,China[J].Atmospheric Enviroment,179:187-200
Han S,Wu J,Zhang Y,et al.2014.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a winter haze-fog episode in Tianjin,China[J].Atmospheric Enviroment,98:323-330
Han S,Zhang Y,Wu J,et al.2015b.Evaluation of regional background particulate matter concentration based on vertical distribution characteristics[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,15:11165-11177
Hao T,Han S,Chen S,et al.2017.The role of fog in haze episode in Tianjin,China:A case study for November 2015[J].Atmospheric Research,194:235-244
花丛,张碧辉,张恒德.2015.2013年1-2月华北雾、霾天气边界层特征对比分析[J].气象,41(9):1144-1151
李敏娜,牛生杰,张舒婷,等,2015.南京雾-霾天气个例湍流运动特征的对比研究[J].气象学报,73(3):593-608
李晓岚,张宏升.2012.2010年春季北京地区强沙尘暴过程的微气象学特征[J].气候与环境研究,17(4):400-408
廖晓农,张小玲,王迎春,等.2014.北京地区冬夏季持续性雾-霾发生的环境气象条件对比分析[J].环境科学,35(6):2031-2044
刘超,马学款.2017.2016年12月大气环流和天气分析[J].气象,43(3):378-384
Liu D,Yang J,Niu S,et al.2011.On the evolution and strccture of a radiation fog event in Nanjing[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,28(1):223-237
Liu X,Xie X,Yin Z Y,et al.2011.A modeling study of the effects of aerosols on clouds and precipitation over East Asia[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,106(3):343-354
刘熙明,胡非,邹海波,等.2010.北京地区一次典型大雾天气过程的边界层特征分析[J].高原气象,29(5):1174-1182
孟凯,程兴宏,徐祥德,等.2017.基于CMAQ源同化反演方法的京津冀局地污染源动态变化特征模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,37(1):52-60
Pandis S N,Seinfeld J H,Pilinis C.1990.The smog-fog-smog cycle and acid deposition[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,95:18489-18500
彭珍,刘熙明,洪钟祥,等.2007.北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征[J].气候与环境研究,12(3):267-276
Sun Y,Song T,Tang G,et al.2013.The vertical distribution of PM2.5and boundary layer structure analysis during summer haze in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,74:413-421
天津市环境保护局.2017.2016天津市环境状况公报[OL].2018-04-09.http://www.tjhb.gov.cn/root16/mechanism/standard_monitoring_of_the_Department_of_science_and_technology/201706/P020170605593040876560.pdf
Vickers D,Mahrt L.1997.Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,14(3):512-526
Wang S,Liao T T,Wang L L,et al.2016.Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,40:138-144
Wang Y S,Yao L,Wang L L,et al.2014.Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,57:14-25
吴彬贵,王兆宇,解以扬,等.2013.秋季天津城区雾中风速、温度和湿度的湍流统计特征[J].高原气象,32(5):1360-1367
Wu H,Zhang Y,Han S,et al.2015.Vertical characteristics of PM2.5during the heating season in Tianjin,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,523:152-160
吴进,李琛,孙兆彬,等.2017.北京地区两次重污染过程中PM2.5浓度爆发性增长及维持的气象条件[J].干旱气象,35(5):830-838
解以扬,刘学军.2003.天津气象塔风温梯度观测资料的统计特征[J].气象,29(1):12-16
杨军,牛忠清,石春娥,等.2010.南京冬季雾霾过程中气溶胶粒子的微物理特征[J].环境科学,31(7):1425-1431
姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.2013.一次沙尘过程对天津气溶胶浓度分布的影响[J].中国沙漠,33(4):1138-1143
姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.2014.天津冬季相对湿度对气溶胶浓度谱分布和大气能见度的影响[J].中国环境科学,34(3):596-603
尹晓梅,孙兆彬,郭淳薇,等.2017.2016年12月京津冀一次重污染天气过程分析[J].生态环境学报,26(12):2071-2083
袁东敏,马小会.2017.2016年12月16-21日重度霾过程及大气环流异常[J].气候与环境研究,22(6):757-764
张人禾,李强,张若楠.2014.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,44(1):27-36
中华人民共和国环境保护部.2017.2016中国环境状况公报[OL].2018-04-09.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201706/W020170605812243090317.pdf
赵普生,徐晓峰,孟伟,等.2012.京津冀区域霾天气特征[J].中国环境科学,32(1):31-36
周明煜,姚文清,徐祥德,等.2005.北京城市大气边界层低层垂直动力和热力特征及其与污染物浓度关系的研究[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,35(增刊Ⅰ):20-30