北京市秋冬大气污染传输特征遥感研究
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摘要
综合地基遥感、卫星遥感与地面监测数据对北京市2016年10月—2017年3月的污染来源及传输特征进行分析,并结合气象数据对污染形成的气象条件进行研究.结果表明,冬季重污染发生频率最高,2016年12月和2017年1月发生频率均超过30%.平缓型污染以本地来源为主,单峰型和多峰型污染由本地污染与区域传输共同导致.平缓型和单峰型本地污染集中在北京中南部,多峰型扩散至全市.区域传输方向均以西南为主,单峰型和多峰型存在东南传输.单峰型以1次传输为主,多峰型均为多次传输.传输层的高度差异较大,但均在0.3～0.5 km高度存在低空传输层,并且存在高于1.0 km的高空传输.平缓型、单峰型和多峰型污染的垂直延伸高度分别为0.5、0.7和1.0 km.研究污染发生时的气象条件,发现污染发生时风向均以西南风为主,发生频率高于60%,其次为东南风.相对湿度和消光系数随污染等级提升逐渐升高,当相对湿度高于70%时,多峰型污染消光系数高于2.0 km~(-1)的频率达到63.33%.3种类型污染发生时的逆温频率均高于75%,高强度的贴地逆温是造成本地污染的成因之一.
Air pollution sources and their transmission characteristics in Beijing from October 1,2016 to March 31,2017 were investigated by the information obtained from ground-based remote sensing,satellite remote sensing and ground monitoring. The relationship between meteorology and air pollution was explored combining with the meteorological observation. The analysis shows that the highest frequency of heavy pollution occurred in winter,with average frequency of over 30% in December and January. Local emission was the major source of gentle type pollution,while local emission and regional transmission contributed to the single peak and multi peak jointly. Local emission,demonstrated by gentle type and single peak,concentrated in central and south of Beijing. Multi peak pollution spread to the whole city. Regional transmission was mainly from southwest,and there was southeast transmission in single peak and multi peak pollution. The single peak pollution was mainly single transmission,and the multi peak one was the result of multi-transmission. The composition of transport layer were various,with a low altitude layer in 0.3 ～ 0.5 km,and a high altitude layer above 1.0 km in common. The vertical extension height of gentle type,single peak and multi peak pollution were 0. 5,0. 7 and 1 km,respectively. The analysis of meteorological conditions exhibits that air pollution often occurred in southwest wind,the occurrence frequency was higher than 60%,followed by southeast wind. The relative humidity and extinction coefficient increased gradually with the pollution level. The frequency of multi peak pollution extinction coefficient over 2.0 km~(-1) reached 63.33% when the relative humidity was more than 70%. The frequency of inversion was higher than 75% when the 3 types of pollution occurred,indicating the high intensity of ground inversion being one of the causes of local pollution.
Air pollution sources and their transmission characteristics in Beijing from October 1,2016 to March 31,2017 were investigated by the information obtained from ground-based remote sensing,satellite remote sensing and ground monitoring. The relationship between meteorology and air pollution was explored combining with the meteorological observation. The analysis shows that the highest frequency of heavy pollution occurred in winter,with average frequency of over 30% in December and January. Local emission was the major source of gentle type pollution,while local emission and regional transmission contributed to the single peak and multi peak jointly. Local emission,demonstrated by gentle type and single peak,concentrated in central and south of Beijing. Multi peak pollution spread to the whole city. Regional transmission was mainly from southwest,and there was southeast transmission in single peak and multi peak pollution. The single peak pollution was mainly single transmission,and the multi peak one was the result of multi-transmission. The composition of transport layer were various,with a low altitude layer in 0.3 ～ 0.5 km,and a high altitude layer above 1.0 km in common. The vertical extension height of gentle type,single peak and multi peak pollution were 0. 5,0. 7 and 1 km,respectively. The analysis of meteorological conditions exhibits that air pollution often occurred in southwest wind,the occurrence frequency was higher than 60%,followed by southeast wind. The relative humidity and extinction coefficient increased gradually with the pollution level. The frequency of multi peak pollution extinction coefficient over 2.0 km~(-1) reached 63.33% when the relative humidity was more than 70%. The frequency of inversion was higher than 75% when the 3 types of pollution occurred,indicating the high intensity of ground inversion being one of the causes of local pollution.
引文
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Zhang X L,Shi M J,Li Y J,et al.2018.Correlating PM2.5concentration with air pollutant emissions:A longitudinal study of the BeijingTianjin-Hebei region[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,179:103-113
Zhao X J,Zhang X L,Xu X F,et al.2009.Seasonal and diurnal variations of ambient PM2.5concentration in urban and rural environments in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(18):2893-2900
郑庆锋,史军.2011.上海地区大气贴地逆温的气候特征[J].干旱气象,29(2):195-200
Chen W,Tang H Z,Zhao H M.2015.Diurnal,weekly and monthly spatial variations of air pollutants and air quality of Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,119:21-34
陈云波,徐峻,何友江,等.2016.北京市冬季典型重污染时段PM2.5污染来源模式解析[J].环境科学研究,29(5):627-636
Chen Y H,Liu Q,Geng F H,et al.2012.Vertical distribution of optical and micro-physical properties of ambient aerosols during dry haze periods in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Environment,50:50-59
丁国安,陈尊裕,高志球,等.2005.北京城区低层大气PM10和PM2.5垂直结构及其动力特征[J].中国科学D辑地球科学,35(增刊Ⅰ):31-44
高愈霄,霍晓芹,闫慧,等.2016.京津冀区域大气重污染过程特征初步分析[J].中国环境监测,32(6):26-35
Guo H,Wang Y G,Zhang H L,et al.2017.Characterization of criteria air pollutants in Beijing during 2014-2015[J].Environmental Research,154:334-344
花丛,刘超,张恒德,等.2017.京津冀地区冬半年污染传输特征及传输指数的改进[J].气象,43(7):813-822
He J J,Gong S L,Yu Y,et al.2017.Air pollution characteristics and their relation to meteorological conditions during 2014~2015 in major Chinese cities[J].Environmental Pollution,223:484-496
Ji H Z,Chen S Y,Zhang Y C,et al.2017.Calibration method for the reference parameter in Fernald and Klett inversion combining Raman and Elastic return[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer,188:71-78
Kuang Y,Zhao C S,Tao J C,et al.2016.Impact of aerosol hygroscopic growth on the direct aerosol radiative effect in summer on North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Environment,147:224-233
李梦,唐贵谦,黄俊,等.2015.京津冀冬季大气混合层高度与大气污染的关系[J].环境科学,36(6):1935-1943
龙时磊,曾建荣,刘可,等.2013.逆温层在上海市空气颗粒物积聚过程中的作用[J].环境科学与技术,36(6L):104-109
Liu H J,Wu B B,Liu S H,et al.2018.A regional high-resolution emission inventory of primary air pollutants in 2012 for Beijing and the surrounding five provinces of north China[J].Atmospheric Environment,181:20-33
Liu Q,He Q S,Fang S H,et al..2017.Vertical distribution of ambient aerosol extinctive properties during haze and haze-free periods based on the Micro-Pulse Lidar observation in Shanghai[J].Science of the Total Environment,574:1502-1511
刘晓宇,郎建垒,程水源,等.2017.北京市冬季PM2.5污染特征与区域传输影响研究[J].安全与环境学报,17(3):1200-1205
孟凯,程兴宏,徐祥德,等.2014.基于CMAQ源同化反演方法的京津冀局地污染源动态变化特征模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,37(1):52-60
Mc Murry P H.2000.A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements[J].Atmospheric Environment,34:1959-1999
Qi J,Zheng B,Li M,et al.2017.A high-resolution air pollutants emission inventory in 2013 for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,170:156-168
施晓晖,徐祥德.2012.北京及周边气溶胶区域影响与大雾相关特征的研究进展[J].地球物理学报,55(10):3230-3239
Tian G J,Qiao Z,Xu X L.2014.Characteristics of particulate matter(PM10)and its relationship with meteorological factors during2001-2012 in Beijing[J].Environmental Pollution,192:266-274
Timmermans R,Kranenburg R,Manders A,et al.2017.Source apportionment of PM2.5across China using LOTOS-EUROS[J].Environmental Research,164:370-386
王家成,朱成杰,朱勇,等.2015.北京地区多气溶胶遥感参量与PM2.5相关性研究[J].中国环境科学,35(7):1947-1956
Wang W,Mao F Y,Du L,et al.2017.Deriving hourly PM2.5concentrations from Himawari-8 AODs over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China[J].Remote Sensing,9(8):858
王晓琦,郎建垒,程水源,等.2016.京津冀及周边地区PM2.5传输规律研究[J].中国环境科学,36(11):3211-3217
王燕丽,薛文博,雷宇,等.2017.京津冀地区PM2.5污染相互输送特征[J].环境科学,38(12):4897-4904
Xue Y F,Tian H Z,Yan J,et al.2014.Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics of primary air pollutants emissions from coalfired industrial boilers in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,213:717-726
薛文博,付飞,王金南,等.2014.中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,34(6):1361-1368
Yan X,Li Z Q,Luo N N,et al.2018.A minimum albedo aerosol retrieval method for the new-generation geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8[J].Atmospheric Research,207:14-27
Yumimoto K,Nagao T M,Kikuchi M,et al.2016.Aerosol data assimilation using data from Himawari-8,a next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite[J].Geophysical Research Letters,43(11):5886-5894
尹晓梅,孙兆彬,郭淳薇,等.2017.2016年12月京津冀一次重污染天气过程分析[J].生态环境学报,26(12):2071-2083
张恒德,吕梦瑶,张碧辉,等.2016.2014年2月下旬京津冀持续重污染过程的静稳天气及传输条件分析[J].环境科学学报,36(12):4340-4351
Zhang J S,Chen Z Y,Lu Y H,et al.2017.Characteristics of aerosol size distribution and vertical backscattering coefficient profile during 2014APEC in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,148:30-41
张世乔,江洪,王祎鑫,等.2017.京津唐地区PM2.5遥感估算与区域传输[J].遥感信息,32(4):11-23
Zhang X L,Shi M J,Li Y J,et al.2018.Correlating PM2.5concentration with air pollutant emissions:A longitudinal study of the BeijingTianjin-Hebei region[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,179:103-113
Zhao X J,Zhang X L,Xu X F,et al.2009.Seasonal and diurnal variations of ambient PM2.5concentration in urban and rural environments in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(18):2893-2900
郑庆锋,史军.2011.上海地区大气贴地逆温的气候特征[J].干旱气象,29(2):195-200