盲人的听觉优势、神经机制及教育启示
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摘要
盲人失明后的听觉能力倍受关注。事实上,大量研究已经证明,盲人在言语感知、听觉记忆、声源定位、说话人辨识能力等方面比正常人有优势,表明具有代偿行为发生,但一定意义上与失明年龄和失明程度有关;现代认知神经科学认为,大脑具有跨模式可塑性,盲人受损的视觉脑区并没有闲暇,神经通路经过重新调整和充足,参与到其他感官模式中发挥作用,加强了听觉区域的感知。因此在盲教育中应重视对盲人听觉的培养和训练,以代偿视觉的缺失。
Blind people's hearing ability after blindness has drawn much attention. In fact, a large number of studies have shown that blind people have advantages over normal people in terms of speech perception,auditory memory, sound source localization and speaker recognition ability, indicating that compensatory behavior occurs but are somewhat related to the age of blindness and the degree of blindness. Modern cognitive neuroscience holds that the brain has cross-modal plasticity. There is no leisure time in the blind brain areas.The neural pathways are readjusted and adequate, participating in other sensory modes and strengthening the perception of the auditory area. Therefore, in blind education, attention should be paid to the training and training of blind people to compensate for the lack of vision.
Blind people's hearing ability after blindness has drawn much attention. In fact, a large number of studies have shown that blind people have advantages over normal people in terms of speech perception,auditory memory, sound source localization and speaker recognition ability, indicating that compensatory behavior occurs but are somewhat related to the age of blindness and the degree of blindness. Modern cognitive neuroscience holds that the brain has cross-modal plasticity. There is no leisure time in the blind brain areas.The neural pathways are readjusted and adequate, participating in other sensory modes and strengthening the perception of the auditory area. Therefore, in blind education, attention should be paid to the training and training of blind people to compensate for the lack of vision.
引文
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[31]朱延慧,丁志辉.美国盲人听觉阅读训练[J].现代特殊教育,2005(10):38-39.
[2]Ménard L,Dupont S,Baum S R,et al.Production and perception of French vowels by congenitally blind adults and sighted adults[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America2009(3):1406-1414.
[3]Gougoux F,Lepore F,Lassonde M,et al.Neuropsychology Pitch discrimination in the early blind[J].Nature,2004(6997)309-430.
[4]Yates J,Johnson R,Starz W.Loudness Perception of the Blind[J].Audiology,1972(11):368-376.
[5]Starlinger I,Niemeyer W.Do the Blind Hear Better?Investigations on Auditory Processing in Congenital or Early Acquired Blindness I.Peripheral Functions[J].Audiology,1981(6):503-509.
[6]Hugdahl K,Takio F,Rintee T,et al.Blind individuals show enhanced perceptual and attentional sensitivity fo identification of speech sounds[J].Cognitive Brain Research,2004(1):28-32.
[7]Hohmann B L,Loeb M.A comparison of auditory monitoring performance in blind subjects with that of sighted subjects in light and dark[J].Perception&Psychophysics1972(1):10-16.
[8]Jafari Z,Malayeri S.Effects of congenital blindness on the subcortical representation of speech cues[J].Neuroscience,2014(258):401-409.
[9]Goddard K M,Isaak M I,Slawinski E B,et al.Isolating the auditory attentional blink among sighted and blind persons[J].Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness,2014(4):241-246.
[10]Withagen A,Kappers A M,Vervloed M P,et al.Short term memory and working memory in blind versus sighted children[J].Research in Developmental Disabilitie,2013(7):2161-2172.
[11]Roder B,Rosler F.Memory for environmental sounds in sighted,congenitally blind and late blind adults:evidence for cross-modal compensation[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2003(1-2):27-39.
[12]Pasqualotto A,Lam J S,Prolux M J.Congenital blindness improves semantic and episodic memory[J].Behavioural Brain Research,2013(244):162-165.
[13]Niemeyer W,Starlinger I.Do the Blind Hear Better?Investigations on Auditory Processing in Congenital or Early Acquired Blindness II.Central Functions[J].International Journal of Audiology,1981(20):510-515.
[14]Rokem A,Ahissar M.Interactions of cognitive andauditory abilities in congenitally blind individuals[J].Neuropsychologia,2009(3):843-848.
[15]Moos A,Trouvain J.Comprehension of ultra-fast speech-blind vs“normally hearing”persons[J].Proceedings of International Congress of Phonetic Sciences,2007(6-10):677-680.
[16]Braun A.The sensory compensation hypothesis[J].The Speaker Identification Ability of Blind and Sighted Listeners,2016(1):27-29.
[17]Lessard N,Pare M,Lepore F,et al.Early blind human subjects localize sound sources better than sighted subjects[J].Nature,1998(6699):278-280.
[18]King A J.What happens to your hearing if you are born blind?[J].Brain,2014(1):6-8.
[19]Levy W H.Blindness and the Blind:or,a treatise on the science of typhlology[M].London:Chapman&Hall,1872:63.....
[20]Gougoux F,Belin P P.Voice perception in blind persons:a functional magnetic resonance imaging study[J].Neuropsychologia,2009(13):2967-2974.
[21]Kupers R,Ptito M.Compensatory plasticity and crossmodal reorganization following early visual deprivation[J].Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,2014(41):36-52.
[22]Amedi A,Floel A,Cohen L G,et al.Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects[J].Nature Neuroscience,2004(7):1266-1270.
[23]Burton H.Visual Cortex Activity in Early and Late Blind People[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2003(10):4005-4011.
[24]Elbert T,Sterr A,Rockstroh B,et al.Expansion of the Tonotopic Area in the Auditory Cortex of the Blind[J].Journal of Neuroscience,2002(22):9941-9944.
[25]吴健辉,罗跃嘉.盲生的跨感觉通道重组[J].心理科学进展,2005(13):406-412.
[26]Bavelier D,Neville H J.Cross-modal Plasticity:where and how[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2002(3):443-452.
[27]Keating P,King A J.Sound localization in a changing world[J].Current Opinion in Neurobiology,2015(35):35.
[28]Hoover A E N,Harris L R,Steeves J K E.Sensory compensation in sound localization in people with one eye[J].Experimental brain research,2012(4):565-574.
[29]李颖.中国眼科将全速迈向国际舞台[N].科技日报,2014-10-09(010).
[30]崔永强,冯燕.重视听觉技能训练培养盲人听距离感[J].现代特殊教育,2010(6):35-36.
[31]朱延慧,丁志辉.美国盲人听觉阅读训练[J].现代特殊教育,2005(10):38-39.