对外直接投资、产业关联与技能工资溢价——基于水平溢出与垂直溢出效应的实证研究
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摘要
本文将我国行业层面的对外直接投资数据匹配至微观个体层面,基于产业关联视角考察我国对外直接投资对技能工资差距的影响。研究发现:我国对外直接投资通过水平溢出效应整体促进了员工工资水平的提升,且对高技能员工的提升作用更大,即存在技能工资溢价;但这种水平溢出效应同员工工资水平呈现倒U型关系,其中低技能员工的拐点要小于高技能员工,但当前我国绝大多数行业的对外直接投资水平还未达到这一拐点。进一步地,对外直接投资通过前向溢出效应提升了下游行业员工工资水平,且对下游行业高技能员工的促进作用更为明显;但通过后向溢出效应却降低了上游行业员工的工资水平。
Based on the matching data of outward FDI and micro-individuals,this paper examines the impact of outward FDI on skill wage gap from the perspective of industrial linkages. The results show that the horizontal spillover effect of China's outward FDI promotes the wage level of employees as a whole,and has a greater impact on the promotion of high-skilled employees,that is,there is a skilled wage premium. However,this horizontal spillover effect has an inverted U-shaped relationship with employee wage level,in which the inflection point of low-skilled employees is smaller than that of high-skilled employees,and the level of outward FDI in most industries in China has not reached this inflection point yet. Furthermore,outward FDI promotes the wage level of employees in downstream industries through the forward spillover effect,especially for highly skilled employees in downstream industries. However,the backward spillover effect of outward FDI reduces the wage level of employees in upstream industries.
Based on the matching data of outward FDI and micro-individuals,this paper examines the impact of outward FDI on skill wage gap from the perspective of industrial linkages. The results show that the horizontal spillover effect of China's outward FDI promotes the wage level of employees as a whole,and has a greater impact on the promotion of high-skilled employees,that is,there is a skilled wage premium. However,this horizontal spillover effect has an inverted U-shaped relationship with employee wage level,in which the inflection point of low-skilled employees is smaller than that of high-skilled employees,and the level of outward FDI in most industries in China has not reached this inflection point yet. Furthermore,outward FDI promotes the wage level of employees in downstream industries through the forward spillover effect,especially for highly skilled employees in downstream industries. However,the backward spillover effect of outward FDI reduces the wage level of employees in upstream industries.
引文
[1]包群,叶宁华,王艳灵.外资竞争、产业关联与本土企业的市场存活[J].经济研究,2015(7):102-115.
[2]蔡宏波,刘杜若,张明志.外商直接投资与服务业工资差距[J].南开经济研究,2015(4):109-120.
[3]蒋冠宏,蒋殿春.中国工业企业对外直接投资与企业生产率进步[J].世界经济,2014(9):53-76.
[4]李逢春.对外直接投资的母国产业升级效应———来自中国省际面板的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2012(6):124-134.
[5]李磊,白道欢,冼国明.对外直接投资如何影响了母国就业?[J].经济研究,2016(8):144-158.
[6]刘斌,王杰,魏倩.对外直接投资与价值链参与:分工地位与升级模式[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(12):39-56.
[7]毛其淋,许家云.中国外向型FDI对企业职工工资报酬的影响:基于倾向得分匹配的经验分析[J].国际贸易问题,2014(11):121-131.
[8]戚建梅,王明益.对外直接投资扩大母国企业间工资差距了吗[J].国际贸易问题,2017(1):116-126.
[9]杨连星,罗玉辉.中国对外直接投资与全球价值链升级[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017(6):54-70.
[10]袁其刚,商辉,张伟.对外直接投资影响工资水平的机制探析[J].世界经济研究,2015(11):80-89.
[11]张远鹏,李玉杰.对外直接投资对中国产业升级的影响研究[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2014(6):1-15.
[12]AHN S,FUKAO K,ITO K. Outsourcing in East Asia and Its Impacton the Japanese and Korean LabourMarkets[R]. OECD Trade Policy,2008.
[13]ANDERTON R,BRENTON P. Outsourcing and Low-Skilled Workers in the UK[J]. Bulletin of Economic Re-search,1999,51(4):267-286.
[14]BECKER S O,EKHOLM K,JACKLE R,MUENDLER M A. Location Choice and Employment Decision:ACom-parison of German and Swedish Multinationals[J]. Review of World Economics,2005,141(4):693-731.
[15]CHEN T,KU Y H. The Effects of Overseas Investment on Domestic Employment[R]. National Bureau of Econom-ic Research,2005.
[16]CHEN W,TANG H. The Dragon is Flying West:Micro-level Evidence of Chinese Outward Direct Investment[J]. Asian Development Review,2014,31(2):109-140.
[17]COZZA C,RABELLOTTI R,SANFILIPPO M. The Impact of Outward FDI on The Performance of Chinese Firms[J]. China Economic Review,2015,36(3):42-57.
[18]GEISHECKER I,GORG H. Winners and Losers:A Micro-level Analysis of International Outsourcing and Wages[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,2008,41(1):243-270.
[19]HEAD K,RIES J. Offshore Production and Skill Upgrading By Japanese Manufacturing Firms[J]. Journal of In-ternational Economics,2002,58(1):81-105.
[20]HIJZEN A,GRG H,HINE R C. International Outsourcing and The Skill Structure of Labour Demand in the U-nited Kingdom[J]. The Economic Journal,2005,115(10):860-878.
[21]HITOSHI H,MASAO N,ALICE N. Wages,Overseas Investment and Ownership:Implications for Internal LaborMarkets in Japan[J]. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,2012,23(14):2959-2979.
[22]LIU W H,TSAI P L,TSAY C L. Domestic Impact of Outward FDI in Taiwan:Evidence from Panel Data of Man-ufacture Firms[J]. Internation Review of Economics and Finance,2015,39(3):469-484.
[23]MINCER J A. Schooling,Experience and Earnings[M]. Columbia University Press,1974.
[24]JAVORCIK B. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spilloversthrough Backward Linkages[J]. American Economic Review,2004,94(3):605-627.
[25]TSOU M,LIU J,HAMMITT. The Impact of Foreign Direct Investmrnt in China on Employment Adjustment in Tai-wan:Evidence from Matched Employ-employee Data[J]. Japan and the World Economy,2013,25(26):68-79.
(1)鉴于我国取得大专及其以上文凭需要15年,我们按照受教育年限是否高于15年,将样本划分为高技能组和低技能组,用以检验对外直接投资对高、低技能员工收入水平的影响是否存在差异。
[2]蔡宏波,刘杜若,张明志.外商直接投资与服务业工资差距[J].南开经济研究,2015(4):109-120.
[3]蒋冠宏,蒋殿春.中国工业企业对外直接投资与企业生产率进步[J].世界经济,2014(9):53-76.
[4]李逢春.对外直接投资的母国产业升级效应———来自中国省际面板的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2012(6):124-134.
[5]李磊,白道欢,冼国明.对外直接投资如何影响了母国就业?[J].经济研究,2016(8):144-158.
[6]刘斌,王杰,魏倩.对外直接投资与价值链参与:分工地位与升级模式[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2015(12):39-56.
[7]毛其淋,许家云.中国外向型FDI对企业职工工资报酬的影响:基于倾向得分匹配的经验分析[J].国际贸易问题,2014(11):121-131.
[8]戚建梅,王明益.对外直接投资扩大母国企业间工资差距了吗[J].国际贸易问题,2017(1):116-126.
[9]杨连星,罗玉辉.中国对外直接投资与全球价值链升级[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017(6):54-70.
[10]袁其刚,商辉,张伟.对外直接投资影响工资水平的机制探析[J].世界经济研究,2015(11):80-89.
[11]张远鹏,李玉杰.对外直接投资对中国产业升级的影响研究[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2014(6):1-15.
[12]AHN S,FUKAO K,ITO K. Outsourcing in East Asia and Its Impacton the Japanese and Korean LabourMarkets[R]. OECD Trade Policy,2008.
[13]ANDERTON R,BRENTON P. Outsourcing and Low-Skilled Workers in the UK[J]. Bulletin of Economic Re-search,1999,51(4):267-286.
[14]BECKER S O,EKHOLM K,JACKLE R,MUENDLER M A. Location Choice and Employment Decision:ACom-parison of German and Swedish Multinationals[J]. Review of World Economics,2005,141(4):693-731.
[15]CHEN T,KU Y H. The Effects of Overseas Investment on Domestic Employment[R]. National Bureau of Econom-ic Research,2005.
[16]CHEN W,TANG H. The Dragon is Flying West:Micro-level Evidence of Chinese Outward Direct Investment[J]. Asian Development Review,2014,31(2):109-140.
[17]COZZA C,RABELLOTTI R,SANFILIPPO M. The Impact of Outward FDI on The Performance of Chinese Firms[J]. China Economic Review,2015,36(3):42-57.
[18]GEISHECKER I,GORG H. Winners and Losers:A Micro-level Analysis of International Outsourcing and Wages[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics,2008,41(1):243-270.
[19]HEAD K,RIES J. Offshore Production and Skill Upgrading By Japanese Manufacturing Firms[J]. Journal of In-ternational Economics,2002,58(1):81-105.
[20]HIJZEN A,GRG H,HINE R C. International Outsourcing and The Skill Structure of Labour Demand in the U-nited Kingdom[J]. The Economic Journal,2005,115(10):860-878.
[21]HITOSHI H,MASAO N,ALICE N. Wages,Overseas Investment and Ownership:Implications for Internal LaborMarkets in Japan[J]. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,2012,23(14):2959-2979.
[22]LIU W H,TSAI P L,TSAY C L. Domestic Impact of Outward FDI in Taiwan:Evidence from Panel Data of Man-ufacture Firms[J]. Internation Review of Economics and Finance,2015,39(3):469-484.
[23]MINCER J A. Schooling,Experience and Earnings[M]. Columbia University Press,1974.
[24]JAVORCIK B. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spilloversthrough Backward Linkages[J]. American Economic Review,2004,94(3):605-627.
[25]TSOU M,LIU J,HAMMITT. The Impact of Foreign Direct Investmrnt in China on Employment Adjustment in Tai-wan:Evidence from Matched Employ-employee Data[J]. Japan and the World Economy,2013,25(26):68-79.
(1)鉴于我国取得大专及其以上文凭需要15年,我们按照受教育年限是否高于15年,将样本划分为高技能组和低技能组,用以检验对外直接投资对高、低技能员工收入水平的影响是否存在差异。