斯里兰卡政党政治对“一带一路”项目的影响
摘要
斯里兰卡在很长一段时间内是以"两党为主"的多党制国家。自由党和统一国民党是该国两大传统政党。主要政党家族化和族群化是该国政党政治中的重要特征。随着"斯里兰卡人民阵线"在2018年地方政府选举中崛起,"三大政党鼎立"的新局面基本成形,斯里兰卡未来政局走向将存有更大不确定性。"一带一路"项目在斯里兰卡战后重建中发挥了举足轻重的作用,但也曾因该国异常复杂的政党生态而被迫暂停或延期。伴随西方势力炮制的"债务陷阱"问题、2018年地方政府选举、2018年"宪政危机"和即将到来的2020年前后的总统大选和议会选举,"一带一路"项目现已成为斯里兰卡常态化的政治论战道具。
Sri Lanka has developed a multi-party system with SLFP and UNP as the traditional and major political parties characterized with familialization and ethnicization. The rise of SLPP in local election 2018 transformed the traditional system into a "three major parties" system, bringing about an enhanced uncertainty to future political situation of Sri Lanka. Projects under BRI has played a pivotal role in post-war reconstruction in Sri Lanka. However, some of the projects suffered suspension or postponement as a result of the complicated political party politics in Sri Lanka. Considering the backdrop of "debt trap" discourse, the local elections2018, the "constitutional crisis" 2018, and the upcoming presidential election and parliamentary election around 2020, projects under BRI might be targeted as an instrument for political debates in Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka has developed a multi-party system with SLFP and UNP as the traditional and major political parties characterized with familialization and ethnicization. The rise of SLPP in local election 2018 transformed the traditional system into a "three major parties" system, bringing about an enhanced uncertainty to future political situation of Sri Lanka. Projects under BRI has played a pivotal role in post-war reconstruction in Sri Lanka. However, some of the projects suffered suspension or postponement as a result of the complicated political party politics in Sri Lanka. Considering the backdrop of "debt trap" discourse, the local elections2018, the "constitutional crisis" 2018, and the upcoming presidential election and parliamentary election around 2020, projects under BRI might be targeted as an instrument for political debates in Sri Lanka.
引文
(1)习近平:《习近平谈治国理政》(第二卷),北京:外文出版社,2017年,第507页。
(2)参考张敦伟:“族群政治中宗教对抗:斯里兰卡的佛教国家化与国家意识形态”,《南亚研究季刊》,2016年第1期,第83-90页;杨恕、李捷:“斯里兰卡的民族冲突与多党制下的政党民族化”,《太平洋学报》,2008年第4期,第18-96页。
(1)A.Jeyaratnam Wilson,The Gaullist System in Asia:The Constitution of Sri Lanka(1978),London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,1980,pp.44-45.
(2)A.Jeyaratnam Wilson,Politics in Sri Lanka,1947-1979,London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,1979,p.177.
(1)http:∥elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-2015.pdf.
(2)Pradeep Dilrukshana,“SLMC to contest under UNP ticket,”Daily Mirror,Jul.10,2015,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/79147/slmc-to-contest-under-unp-ticket.
(3)https:∥www.senanayakefamily.org/family-legacy/sir-john-kotelawala/.
(4)Sarath de Alwis,“Ranil:The Man&His Era,”Colombo Telegraph,Apr.14,2017,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/ranil-the-man-his-era/.
(1)Nathasha De Alwis,“Harin supports Sajith for next election,”News First,Nov.25,2018,https:∥www.newsfirst.lk/2018/11/25/harin-requests-sajith-for-next-election/.
(2)“Vasantha Senanayake pledges support to MR,”Daily Mirror,Oct.26,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/mobile/article/Vasantha-Senanayake-pledges-support-to-MR-157459.html.
(3)A.Jeyaratnam Wilson,Politics in Sri Lanka,1947-1979,London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,1979,p.112.
(4)Patrick Peebles,The History of Sri Lanka,California:Greenwood,2006,pp.104,109.
(1)Patrick Peebles,The History of Sri Lanka,California:Greenwood,2006,pp.166,167.
(2)资料来源:http:∥www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution/18th_amendment_act.pdf.
(3)Ibid.
(4)“Maithripala Sirisena's 100 Day Work Programme;Detailed Diary Description,”Colombo Telegraph,Dec.20,2014,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maithripala-sirisenas-100-day-work-programme-detaileddiary-description/.
(1)“Maithripala Sirisena's 100 Day Work Programme;Detailed Diary Description,”Colombo Telegraph,Dec.20,2014,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maithripala-sirisenas-100-day-work-programme-detaileddiary-description/.
(2)资料来源:http:∥www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution/19th-amendment-act.pdf.
(3)Ibid.
(4)Ibid.
(5)Ibid.
(6)资料来源:http:∥www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution.pdf.
(7)Ibid.
(8)“Results Of Local Authorities Elections-2018,”http:∥elections.gov.lk/web/en/elections/elections-results/local-authorities-elections-results/results-of-local-authorities-elections-2018/local-authorities-election-2018/.
(1)“Basil joins GL's‘Podu Jana Peramuna’,”Daily News,Nov.17,2016,http:∥www.dailynews.lk/2016/11/17/local/99398.
(2)“Mahinda leaves SLFP and joins SLPP,”Colombo Gazette,Nov.11,2018,http:∥colombogazette.com/2018/11/11/mahinda-leaves-slfp-and-joins-slpp/.
(3)“SLFP&SLPP to create the Sri Lanka Nidahas Podu Jana Peramuna,”News First,Nov.13,2018,https:∥www.newsfirst.lk/2018/11/13/slfp-slpp-to-create-the-sri-lanka-nidahas-podu-jana-permauna/.
(4)“MS to introduce far-reaching reforms to SLFP,”Daily Mirror,Nov.10,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/158157/MS-to-introduce-far-reaching-reforms-to-SLFP.
(5)https:∥data.worldbank.org/country/sri-lanka;https:∥data.worldbank.org/country/singapore.
(1)“President thanks China for N'cholai,reduces electricity and fuel price,”Island,Sept.17,2014,http:∥www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=110423#.
(2)“Greater Kurunegala Water Supply and Sewerage Project to benefit over 70,000 people,”Colombo Page,Aug.15,2018,http:∥www.colombopage.com/archive_18B/Aug15_1534306288CH.php.
(3)“Chinese company launches mega water supply project in Sri Lanka,”Colombo Page,Dec.7,2014,http:∥www.colombopage.com/archive_14B/Dec07_1417973694CH.php.
(4)“China boosts investment in Sri Lankan mega-project,”Daily Mirror,Jan.5,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/article/China-boosts-investment-in-Sri-Lankan-mega-project-143394.html.
(5)Wang Wei,“Building a road to prosperity in Sri Lanka,”Daily News,Oct.4,2018,http:∥www.dailynews.lk/2018/10/04/business/164425/building-road-prosperity-sri-lanka.
(6)“Poverty Indicators-2016,”http:∥www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/Poverty%20Indicators_2016.pdf.
(7)“Annual Report 2014,Ministry of Finance Srilanka,”http:∥www.treasury.gov.lk/documents/10181/12870/2014/a9d95930-b101-40dc-9b1b-cd1ebb2a82ba.
(1)“Chinese Companies Lend Helping Hand To Sri Lanka Following Floods,Landslides,”Asian Mirror,May.27,2016,http:∥asianmirror.lk/news/item/16801-chinese-companies-lend-helping-hand-to-sri-lanka-followingfloods-landslides.
(2)“UNP Starts China-Bashing,”The Sunday Leader,May 11,2014,http:∥www.thesundayleader.lk/2014/05/11/unp-starts-china-bashing/.
(1)“Maithripala Sirisena's 100 Day Work Programme;Detailed Diary Description,”Colombo Telegraph,Dec.20,2014,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maithripala-sirisenas-100-day-work-programme-detaileddiary-description/.
(2)“Port City project suspended,”Daily Mirror,Mar.5,2015,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/65623/port-city-project-suspended.
(3)Shihar Aneez,“Sri Lanka cabinet suspends Chinese project on approval issue,”Reuters,Mar.6,2015,https:∥www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-portcity-idU SKBN0M20WP20150306.
(4)“Colombo port city project stopped,loss over usd 380000 per day,”Hiru News,Mar.12,2015,http:∥www.hirunews.lk/105311/colombo-port-city-project-stopped-loss-over-usd-380000-per-day.
(5)“All Chinese Infrastructure Projects to Proceed,Sri Lanka Says,”VOA News,Dec.17,2015,https:∥www.voanews.com/a/all-chinese-infrastructure-projects-proceed-sri-lanka/3107722.html
(6)“China's CCCC to resume Sri Lanka port project after 1-year suspension,”Reuters,Mar.15,2016,https:∥www.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-china-portcity-idU SL3N16N4H3.
(7)“Annual Report 2016,Ministry of Finance Srilanka,”http:∥www.treasury.gov.lk/documents/10181/12870/2016/c36d6610-d6e7-4b1c-ab35-238a4db56b88.
(8)“Suspension of Chinese projects:Loss is for Sri Lanka,”FT,July 3,2015,http:∥www.ft.lk/front-page/suspension-of-chinese-projects-loss-is-for-sri-lanka/44-440675.
(9)“Government notes China is a dependable friend,”Colombo Gazette,Nov.26,2017,https:∥colombogazette.com/2017/11/26/government-notes-china-is-a-dependable-friend/.
(1)“Sri Lanka launches special industrial zone to attract Chinese industries,”Colombo Page,Jan.7,2017,http:∥www.colombopage.com/archive_17A/Jan07_1483806358CH.php.
(2)“Protest against Hambantota Industrial Zone,”Daily Mirror,Jan.7,2017,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/article/Protest-against-Hambantota-Industrial-Zone-121837.html.
(3)B.Channa Kumara,“Sri Lanka launches China-led investment zone amid protests,”Reuters,Jan.7,2017,https:∥www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-investment/sri-lanka-launches-china-led-investmentzone-amid-protests-idU SKBN14R0JG.
(4)Yogita Limaye,“Sri Lanka:A country trapped in debt,”BBC,May 26,2017,https:∥www.bbc.com/news/business-40044113.
(5)“Hambantota port formally handed over to China-led company,”Colombo Gazette,Dec.9,2017,https:∥colombogazette.com/2017/12/09/hambantota-port-formally-handed-over-to-china-led-company/.
(6)“SL lost economic independence due to corrupt development projects:JVP,”FT,Jul.20,2018,http:∥www.ft.lk/front-page/SL-lost-economic-independence-due-to-corrupt-development-projects--JVP/44-659419.
(7)Maria Abi-Habib,“How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port,”Nytimes,June 25,2018,https:∥www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html.
(8)“Sri Lankan opposition protesters demand government step down,”AP News,Sept.5,2018,https:∥www.apnews.com/a5085ea8e76a416a99d6d4359146ec28.
(9)“Prime Minister defends relationship with China,”Colombo Gazette,Sept.12,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/09/12/prime-minister-defends-relationship-with-china/.
(1)“H'tota could become a Chinese military base:Pence,”Daily Mirror,Oct.6,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/article/H-tota-could-become-a-Chinese-military-base-Pence-156514.html.
(2)“USA shows sympathy towards the debt trap that swallowed Hambantota Port?,”News First,Oct.6,2018,https:∥www.newsfirst.lk/2018/10/06/usa-shows-sympathy-towards-the-debt-trap-that-swallowed-hambantotaport/.
(3)“Sri Lanka says it was not‘forced’to accept Chinese loans,”Colombo Gazette,Aug.23,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/08/23/sri-lanka-says-it-was-not-forced-to-accept-chinese-loans/.
(4)“Ranjan claims some UNP MPs bought by China,”Colombo Gazette,Oct.30,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/10/30/ranjan-claims-some-unp-mps-bought-by-china/.
(5)“Ranil says China has assured will not interfere,”Colombo Gazette,Oct.29,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/10/29/ranil-says-china-has-assured-will-not-interfere/.
(6)“No debt trap;China says its loans are 10.6%of SL's total and over 60%concessionary,”FT,Jul.6,2018,http:∥www.ft.lk/front-page/No-debt-trap--China-says-its-loans-are-10-6--of-SL-s-total-andover-60--concessionary/44-658460.
(2)参考张敦伟:“族群政治中宗教对抗:斯里兰卡的佛教国家化与国家意识形态”,《南亚研究季刊》,2016年第1期,第83-90页;杨恕、李捷:“斯里兰卡的民族冲突与多党制下的政党民族化”,《太平洋学报》,2008年第4期,第18-96页。
(1)A.Jeyaratnam Wilson,The Gaullist System in Asia:The Constitution of Sri Lanka(1978),London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,1980,pp.44-45.
(2)A.Jeyaratnam Wilson,Politics in Sri Lanka,1947-1979,London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,1979,p.177.
(1)http:∥elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/general-election-2015.pdf.
(2)Pradeep Dilrukshana,“SLMC to contest under UNP ticket,”Daily Mirror,Jul.10,2015,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/79147/slmc-to-contest-under-unp-ticket.
(3)https:∥www.senanayakefamily.org/family-legacy/sir-john-kotelawala/.
(4)Sarath de Alwis,“Ranil:The Man&His Era,”Colombo Telegraph,Apr.14,2017,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/ranil-the-man-his-era/.
(1)Nathasha De Alwis,“Harin supports Sajith for next election,”News First,Nov.25,2018,https:∥www.newsfirst.lk/2018/11/25/harin-requests-sajith-for-next-election/.
(2)“Vasantha Senanayake pledges support to MR,”Daily Mirror,Oct.26,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/mobile/article/Vasantha-Senanayake-pledges-support-to-MR-157459.html.
(3)A.Jeyaratnam Wilson,Politics in Sri Lanka,1947-1979,London:Palgrave Macmillan UK,1979,p.112.
(4)Patrick Peebles,The History of Sri Lanka,California:Greenwood,2006,pp.104,109.
(1)Patrick Peebles,The History of Sri Lanka,California:Greenwood,2006,pp.166,167.
(2)资料来源:http:∥www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution/18th_amendment_act.pdf.
(3)Ibid.
(4)“Maithripala Sirisena's 100 Day Work Programme;Detailed Diary Description,”Colombo Telegraph,Dec.20,2014,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maithripala-sirisenas-100-day-work-programme-detaileddiary-description/.
(1)“Maithripala Sirisena's 100 Day Work Programme;Detailed Diary Description,”Colombo Telegraph,Dec.20,2014,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maithripala-sirisenas-100-day-work-programme-detaileddiary-description/.
(2)资料来源:http:∥www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution/19th-amendment-act.pdf.
(3)Ibid.
(4)Ibid.
(5)Ibid.
(6)资料来源:http:∥www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution.pdf.
(7)Ibid.
(8)“Results Of Local Authorities Elections-2018,”http:∥elections.gov.lk/web/en/elections/elections-results/local-authorities-elections-results/results-of-local-authorities-elections-2018/local-authorities-election-2018/.
(1)“Basil joins GL's‘Podu Jana Peramuna’,”Daily News,Nov.17,2016,http:∥www.dailynews.lk/2016/11/17/local/99398.
(2)“Mahinda leaves SLFP and joins SLPP,”Colombo Gazette,Nov.11,2018,http:∥colombogazette.com/2018/11/11/mahinda-leaves-slfp-and-joins-slpp/.
(3)“SLFP&SLPP to create the Sri Lanka Nidahas Podu Jana Peramuna,”News First,Nov.13,2018,https:∥www.newsfirst.lk/2018/11/13/slfp-slpp-to-create-the-sri-lanka-nidahas-podu-jana-permauna/.
(4)“MS to introduce far-reaching reforms to SLFP,”Daily Mirror,Nov.10,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/158157/MS-to-introduce-far-reaching-reforms-to-SLFP.
(5)https:∥data.worldbank.org/country/sri-lanka;https:∥data.worldbank.org/country/singapore.
(1)“President thanks China for N'cholai,reduces electricity and fuel price,”Island,Sept.17,2014,http:∥www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=110423#.
(2)“Greater Kurunegala Water Supply and Sewerage Project to benefit over 70,000 people,”Colombo Page,Aug.15,2018,http:∥www.colombopage.com/archive_18B/Aug15_1534306288CH.php.
(3)“Chinese company launches mega water supply project in Sri Lanka,”Colombo Page,Dec.7,2014,http:∥www.colombopage.com/archive_14B/Dec07_1417973694CH.php.
(4)“China boosts investment in Sri Lankan mega-project,”Daily Mirror,Jan.5,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/article/China-boosts-investment-in-Sri-Lankan-mega-project-143394.html.
(5)Wang Wei,“Building a road to prosperity in Sri Lanka,”Daily News,Oct.4,2018,http:∥www.dailynews.lk/2018/10/04/business/164425/building-road-prosperity-sri-lanka.
(6)“Poverty Indicators-2016,”http:∥www.statistics.gov.lk/poverty/Poverty%20Indicators_2016.pdf.
(7)“Annual Report 2014,Ministry of Finance Srilanka,”http:∥www.treasury.gov.lk/documents/10181/12870/2014/a9d95930-b101-40dc-9b1b-cd1ebb2a82ba.
(1)“Chinese Companies Lend Helping Hand To Sri Lanka Following Floods,Landslides,”Asian Mirror,May.27,2016,http:∥asianmirror.lk/news/item/16801-chinese-companies-lend-helping-hand-to-sri-lanka-followingfloods-landslides.
(2)“UNP Starts China-Bashing,”The Sunday Leader,May 11,2014,http:∥www.thesundayleader.lk/2014/05/11/unp-starts-china-bashing/.
(1)“Maithripala Sirisena's 100 Day Work Programme;Detailed Diary Description,”Colombo Telegraph,Dec.20,2014,https:∥www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maithripala-sirisenas-100-day-work-programme-detaileddiary-description/.
(2)“Port City project suspended,”Daily Mirror,Mar.5,2015,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/65623/port-city-project-suspended.
(3)Shihar Aneez,“Sri Lanka cabinet suspends Chinese project on approval issue,”Reuters,Mar.6,2015,https:∥www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-portcity-idU SKBN0M20WP20150306.
(4)“Colombo port city project stopped,loss over usd 380000 per day,”Hiru News,Mar.12,2015,http:∥www.hirunews.lk/105311/colombo-port-city-project-stopped-loss-over-usd-380000-per-day.
(5)“All Chinese Infrastructure Projects to Proceed,Sri Lanka Says,”VOA News,Dec.17,2015,https:∥www.voanews.com/a/all-chinese-infrastructure-projects-proceed-sri-lanka/3107722.html
(6)“China's CCCC to resume Sri Lanka port project after 1-year suspension,”Reuters,Mar.15,2016,https:∥www.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-china-portcity-idU SL3N16N4H3.
(7)“Annual Report 2016,Ministry of Finance Srilanka,”http:∥www.treasury.gov.lk/documents/10181/12870/2016/c36d6610-d6e7-4b1c-ab35-238a4db56b88.
(8)“Suspension of Chinese projects:Loss is for Sri Lanka,”FT,July 3,2015,http:∥www.ft.lk/front-page/suspension-of-chinese-projects-loss-is-for-sri-lanka/44-440675.
(9)“Government notes China is a dependable friend,”Colombo Gazette,Nov.26,2017,https:∥colombogazette.com/2017/11/26/government-notes-china-is-a-dependable-friend/.
(1)“Sri Lanka launches special industrial zone to attract Chinese industries,”Colombo Page,Jan.7,2017,http:∥www.colombopage.com/archive_17A/Jan07_1483806358CH.php.
(2)“Protest against Hambantota Industrial Zone,”Daily Mirror,Jan.7,2017,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/article/Protest-against-Hambantota-Industrial-Zone-121837.html.
(3)B.Channa Kumara,“Sri Lanka launches China-led investment zone amid protests,”Reuters,Jan.7,2017,https:∥www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-china-investment/sri-lanka-launches-china-led-investmentzone-amid-protests-idU SKBN14R0JG.
(4)Yogita Limaye,“Sri Lanka:A country trapped in debt,”BBC,May 26,2017,https:∥www.bbc.com/news/business-40044113.
(5)“Hambantota port formally handed over to China-led company,”Colombo Gazette,Dec.9,2017,https:∥colombogazette.com/2017/12/09/hambantota-port-formally-handed-over-to-china-led-company/.
(6)“SL lost economic independence due to corrupt development projects:JVP,”FT,Jul.20,2018,http:∥www.ft.lk/front-page/SL-lost-economic-independence-due-to-corrupt-development-projects--JVP/44-659419.
(7)Maria Abi-Habib,“How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port,”Nytimes,June 25,2018,https:∥www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html.
(8)“Sri Lankan opposition protesters demand government step down,”AP News,Sept.5,2018,https:∥www.apnews.com/a5085ea8e76a416a99d6d4359146ec28.
(9)“Prime Minister defends relationship with China,”Colombo Gazette,Sept.12,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/09/12/prime-minister-defends-relationship-with-china/.
(1)“H'tota could become a Chinese military base:Pence,”Daily Mirror,Oct.6,2018,http:∥www.dailymirror.lk/article/H-tota-could-become-a-Chinese-military-base-Pence-156514.html.
(2)“USA shows sympathy towards the debt trap that swallowed Hambantota Port?,”News First,Oct.6,2018,https:∥www.newsfirst.lk/2018/10/06/usa-shows-sympathy-towards-the-debt-trap-that-swallowed-hambantotaport/.
(3)“Sri Lanka says it was not‘forced’to accept Chinese loans,”Colombo Gazette,Aug.23,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/08/23/sri-lanka-says-it-was-not-forced-to-accept-chinese-loans/.
(4)“Ranjan claims some UNP MPs bought by China,”Colombo Gazette,Oct.30,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/10/30/ranjan-claims-some-unp-mps-bought-by-china/.
(5)“Ranil says China has assured will not interfere,”Colombo Gazette,Oct.29,2018,https:∥colombogazette.com/2018/10/29/ranil-says-china-has-assured-will-not-interfere/.
(6)“No debt trap;China says its loans are 10.6%of SL's total and over 60%concessionary,”FT,Jul.6,2018,http:∥www.ft.lk/front-page/No-debt-trap--China-says-its-loans-are-10-6--of-SL-s-total-andover-60--concessionary/44-658460.