间作系统的水分竞争互补机理
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摘要
综合国内外间作复合群体水分高效利用的特征及其种间竞争互补机理,展望了未来间作研究的重点方向及领域。间作复合群体可提高作物水分利用效率,有利于创造适宜作物生长发育的土壤水分环境。竞争和互补是同一种间关系的两个方面,量化间作作物对土壤资源的竞争和互补效应是间作研究的重要问题。间作作物种间竞争互补的影响因素包括:作物种类、种植密度、空间布局、环境要素等。针对种间竞争互补主导间作水分利用,但协同调控二者理论依据薄弱问题,未来研究重点领域包括:(1)研究间作作物干物质累积、分配和水分生产力时空变化,早熟作物收获后晚熟作物的恢复效应,明确水分利用效率与种间竞争互补强弱消长的相关关系;(2)检测土壤水势和有效水分的时空动态,解析土壤水分迁移与种间竞争互补的关系,形成水分供给调控竞争互补的理论依据;(3)研究间作对作物水分生理生长指标的影响,揭示水分生理生态特性对种间竞争互补的响应机制;(4)探讨根冠协同发育与群体水分利用、种间竞争互补的相关关系,阐明根冠协同调控优化种间关系、提高水分利用效率的基本机理。集成不同尺度研究成果,形成间作水分高效利用的种间竞争互补调控理论,为深化种间关系研究,推动缺水地区间作发展提供理论和技术支撑。
The mechanisms of interspecific competition and complementarity and the characteristics of water utilization in intercropping system are reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile,key research fields related to intercropping in the future are prospected. Intercropping system can increase water use efficiency( WUE) of crops,and is in favor of providing an optimum soil moisture environment for crop development. Competition and complementarity are two aspects of the same interspecific relationship; quantifying competition and complementary effect of intercrops on soil resources is an important topic in intercropping system. The main influence factors for interspecific competition and complementarity in intercropping system include crop species,planting density,spatial arrangement,and environmental factors. Interspecific competition and complementarity are leading factors influencing water utilization of intercrops and studies on synergistic effects of competition and complementarity in intercropping systems are limited. Prospective future research fields are identified as follows:( 1) To determine the dynamics of dry matter accumulation,allocation and irrigation water productivity,to study compensation effects on water use in late-maturing crops after the early-maturing crops were harvested in intercropping systems,and to clarify the correlation between WUE of crops and interspecific interaction.( 2) To investigate spatiotemporal dynamics of soil water potential and available soil water,and to analyze the relationships among soil water movements within interspecific competition and complementarity,in order to provide theoretical basis for optimizing interspecific competition and complementarity under irrigation regulations.( 3) To evaluate the effects of intercropping on crop moisture physiolo-gical and ecological characters so as to reveal the complementary mechanism of interspecific interaction with respect to hydro-physio-ecological viability.( 4) To explore the correlations between root-shoot equilibrium and spatiotemporal distribution of root,as well as water use characteristics and interspecific competition and complementarity,to elucidate how the root-shoot equilibrium works on improving WUE via the synergistic effects of inter specific competition and complementarity. By integrating the main results at different scales,theoretical basis for enhancing WUE of intercropping through regulating interspecific interactions could be established,which provides support for development and extension of intercropping systems in water-deficient areas.
The mechanisms of interspecific competition and complementarity and the characteristics of water utilization in intercropping system are reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile,key research fields related to intercropping in the future are prospected. Intercropping system can increase water use efficiency( WUE) of crops,and is in favor of providing an optimum soil moisture environment for crop development. Competition and complementarity are two aspects of the same interspecific relationship; quantifying competition and complementary effect of intercrops on soil resources is an important topic in intercropping system. The main influence factors for interspecific competition and complementarity in intercropping system include crop species,planting density,spatial arrangement,and environmental factors. Interspecific competition and complementarity are leading factors influencing water utilization of intercrops and studies on synergistic effects of competition and complementarity in intercropping systems are limited. Prospective future research fields are identified as follows:( 1) To determine the dynamics of dry matter accumulation,allocation and irrigation water productivity,to study compensation effects on water use in late-maturing crops after the early-maturing crops were harvested in intercropping systems,and to clarify the correlation between WUE of crops and interspecific interaction.( 2) To investigate spatiotemporal dynamics of soil water potential and available soil water,and to analyze the relationships among soil water movements within interspecific competition and complementarity,in order to provide theoretical basis for optimizing interspecific competition and complementarity under irrigation regulations.( 3) To evaluate the effects of intercropping on crop moisture physiolo-gical and ecological characters so as to reveal the complementary mechanism of interspecific interaction with respect to hydro-physio-ecological viability.( 4) To explore the correlations between root-shoot equilibrium and spatiotemporal distribution of root,as well as water use characteristics and interspecific competition and complementarity,to elucidate how the root-shoot equilibrium works on improving WUE via the synergistic effects of inter specific competition and complementarity. By integrating the main results at different scales,theoretical basis for enhancing WUE of intercropping through regulating interspecific interactions could be established,which provides support for development and extension of intercropping systems in water-deficient areas.
引文
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刘斌,谢飞,凌一波,等.2016.不同间作播期和密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统氮素利用效率的影响.中国生态农业学报,21(4):36-46.
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史振声,朱敏,李凤海,等.2008.玉米不同品种间作的增产效果研究.玉米科学,16(2):107-109.
滕园园,赵财,柴强,等.2015.氮肥后移对玉米间作豌豆耗水特性的调控效应.作物学报,42(3):446-455.
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殷文,柴强,胡发龙,等.2013.少耕轮作小麦间作玉米的产量表现和水分利用效率.西北农业学报,22(6):47-52.
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Celette F,Wery J,Chantelot E,et al.2005.Belowground interactions in a vine(Vitis vinifera L.)-tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Shreb.)intercropping system:Water relations and growth.Plant and Soil,276:205-217.
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Chen C,Westcott M,Neill K,et al.2004.Row configuration and nitrogen application for barley-pea intercropping in Montana.Agronomy Journal,96:1730-1738.
Dhima K,Lithourgidis A,Vasilakoglou I,et al.2007.Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio.Field Crops Research,100:249-256.
Gao Y,Duan A,Sun J,et al.2009.Crop coefficient and wateruse efficiency of winter wheat/spring maize strip intercropping.Field Crops Research,111:65-73.
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Geno L,Geno B.2001.Polyculture production:Principles,benefits and risks of multiple cropping land management systems for Australia.A report for the rural industries research and development corporation:CIRDC Publication.
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Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Andersen MK,Joernsgaard B,et al.2006.Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea-barley intercrops.Field Crops Research,95:256-267.
Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Jensen ES.2001.Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability.Field Crops Research,72:185-196.
Horton JL,Hart SC.1998.Hydraulic lift:A potentially important ecosystem process.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,13:232-235.
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Mafongoya P,Bationo A,Kihara J,et al.2007.Appropriate technologies to replenish soil fertility in southern Africa//Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in subSaharan Africa:Challenges and Opportunities,Springer:29-43.
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刘斌,谢飞,凌一波,等.2016.不同间作播期和密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统氮素利用效率的影响.中国生态农业学报,21(4):36-46.
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任根深,柴强.2008.限量补灌冬小麦套作玉米土壤水分的时空分布及利用效率.水土保持通报,28(1):145-149.
史振声,朱敏,李凤海,等.2008.玉米不同品种间作的增产效果研究.玉米科学,16(2):107-109.
滕园园,赵财,柴强,等.2015.氮肥后移对玉米间作豌豆耗水特性的调控效应.作物学报,42(3):446-455.
王利立,朱永永,殷文,等.2016.大麦/豌豆间作系统种间竞争力及产量对地下作用和密度互作的响应.中国生态农业学报,24(3):265-273.
谢开云,赵云,李向林,等.2013.豆-禾混播草地种间关系研究进展.草业学报,22(3):284-296.
殷文,柴强,胡发龙,等.2013.少耕轮作小麦间作玉米的产量表现和水分利用效率.西北农业学报,22(6):47-52.
殷文,赵财,于爱忠,等.2015.秸秆还田后少耕对小麦/玉米间作系统中种间竞争和互补的影响.作物学报,41(4):633-641.
张恩和,黄高宝.2003.间套种植复合群体根系时空分布特征.应用生态学报,14(8):1301-1304.
张岁岐,周小平,慕自新,等.2009.不同灌溉制度对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响.农业工程学报,25(10):1-6.
赵英,张斌,王明珠.2006.农林复合系统中物种间水肥光竞争机理分析与评价.生态学报,26(6):1792-1801.
Andersen MK,Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Weiner J,et al.2007.Competitive dynamics in two-and three-component intercrops.Journal of Applied Ecology,44:545-551.
Bedoussac L,Justes E.2010.Dynamic analysis of competition and complementarity for light and N use to understand the yield and the protein content of a durum wheat-winter pea intercrop.Plant and Soil,330:37-54.
Bedoussac L,Justes E.2011.A comparison of commonly used indices for evaluating species interactions and intercrop efficiency:Application to durum wheat-winter pea intercrops.Field Crops Research,124:25-36.
Cadoux S,Sauzet G,Valantin-Morison M,et al.2015.Intercropping frost-sensitive legume crops with winter oilseed rape reduces weed competition,insect damage,and improves nitrogen use efficiency.OCL:Oilseeds and fats,Crops and Lipids,22:D302.
Cahill Jr JF.2002.Interactions between root and shoot competition vary among species.Oikos,99:101-112.
Celette F,Wery J,Chantelot E,et al.2005.Belowground interactions in a vine(Vitis vinifera L.)-tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Shreb.)intercropping system:Water relations and growth.Plant and Soil,276:205-217.
Chai Q,Gan Y,Turner N C,et al.2014a.Water-saving innovations in Chinese agriculture.Advnce in Agronomy,126:149-202.
Chai Q,Qin AZ,Gan YT,et al.2014b.Higher yield and lower carbon emission by intercropping maize with rape,pea,and wheat in arid irrigation areas.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,34:535-543.
Chen C,Westcott M,Neill K,et al.2004.Row configuration and nitrogen application for barley-pea intercropping in Montana.Agronomy Journal,96:1730-1738.
Dhima K,Lithourgidis A,Vasilakoglou I,et al.2007.Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio.Field Crops Research,100:249-256.
Gao Y,Duan A,Sun J,et al.2009.Crop coefficient and wateruse efficiency of winter wheat/spring maize strip intercropping.Field Crops Research,111:65-73.
García-Barrios L,Ong C.2004.Ecological interactions,management lessons and design tools in tropical agroforestry systems.Agroforestry Systems,61:221-236.
Geno L,Geno B.2001.Polyculture production:Principles,benefits and risks of multiple cropping land management systems for Australia.A report for the rural industries research and development corporation:CIRDC Publication.
Ghosh P,Tripathi A,Bandyopadhyay K,et al.2009.Assessment of nutrient competition and nutrient requirement in soybean/sorghum intercropping system.European Journal of Agronomy,31:43-50.
Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Andersen MK,Joernsgaard B,et al.2006.Density and relative frequency effects on competitive interactions and resource use in pea-barley intercrops.Field Crops Research,95:256-267.
Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Jensen ES.2001.Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability.Field Crops Research,72:185-196.
Horton JL,Hart SC.1998.Hydraulic lift:A potentially important ecosystem process.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,13:232-235.
Kn9rzer H,Graeff-H9nninger S,Guo B,et al.2009.The rediscovery of intercropping in China:A traditional cropping system for future Chinese agriculture-a review.Climate Change,Intercropping,Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms,Springer:13-44.
Laloy E,Bielders C.2010.Effect of intercropping period management on runoff and erosion in a maize cropping system.Journal of Environmental Quality,39:1001-1008.
Li L,Sun J,Zhang F,et al.2001a.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping:II.Recovery or compensation of maize and soybean after wheat harvesting.Field Crops Research,71:173-181.
Li L,Sun J,Zhang F,et al.2001b.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping:I.Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients.Field Crops Research,71:123-137.
Lithourgidis A,Dordas C,Damalas C,et al.2011.Annual intercrops:An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture.Australian Journal of Crop Science,5:396-410.
Lv Y,Francis C,Wu P,et al.2014.Maize-soybean intercropping interactions above and below ground.Crop Science,54:914-922.
Mafongoya P,Bationo A,Kihara J,et al.2007.Appropriate technologies to replenish soil fertility in southern Africa//Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in subSaharan Africa:Challenges and Opportunities,Springer:29-43.
Mariotti M,Masoni A,Ercoli L,et al.2009.Above-and belowground competition between barley,wheat,lupin and vetch in a cereal and legume intercropping system.Grass and Forage Science,64:401-412.
Mendel M,Hergarten S,Neugebauer HJ.2003.Water uptake by plant roots:A multi-scale approach.Dynamics of Multiscale Earth Systems:Springer:215-232.
Morris R,Garrity DP.1993.Resource capture and utilization in intercropping:Water.Field Crops Research,34:303-317.
Nandy S,Mandal B,Khan D.2013.Effect of sowing date and NPK on the forage yield and quality in the crop combination of maize and cowpea in Newer Alluvial Zone of West Bengal,India.Journal of Agronomy,12:64-68.
Nassab ADM,Amon T,Kaul HP.2011.Competition and yield in intercrops of maize and sunflower for biogas.Industrial Crops and Products,34:1203-1211.
Neumann A,Schmidtke K,Rauber R.2007.Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat.Field Crops Research,100:285-293.
Neumann A,Werner J,Rauber R.2009.Evaluation of yielddensity relationships and optimization of intercrop compositions of field-grown pea-oat intercrops using the replacement series and the response surface design.Field Crops Research,114:286-294.
Oljaca S,Cvetkovic R,Kovacevic D,et al.2000.Effect of plant arrangement pattern and irrigation on efficiency of maize(Zea mays)and bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)intercropping system.The Journal of Agricultural Science,135:261-270.
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