新疆天山遗产地居民对生态移民的感知及满意度研究
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摘要
在遗产地生态移民能否实现生态保护、改善民生、旅游可持续发展的多赢是遗产研究者、决策者和居民共同关注的问题。通过问卷调查和深入访谈法对新疆天山的4个移民社区进行调研,从居民感知和满意度的角度评估移民效果。结果表明:(1)居民对经济、心理正面影响反对率高,社会影响感知存在分歧,环境正面影响赞成率高。生态环境保护成效明显,但居民收入、生活质量改善不大,社区归属感弱。(2)居民满意度偏低。(3)不同人口学特征、旅游依存度的居民感知及满意度存在显著差异。从事旅游业的居民收入和满意度最高,旅游富民作用和不足兼有。(4)与定居民族比,游牧民族在移民后生产生活方式变化更大。最后,提出改善居民经济条件,加强其知识、技能培训,社区赋权,完善生态补偿机制建议。
For heritage researchers,decision makers and residents,it is a common concern whether the ecological migration in the heritage site can realize the ecological protection and the sustainable development of tourism,and improve people's livelihood.A comprehensive assessment of the effect of ecological migration from the perspective of residents' perception and satisfaction is helpful to provide the feedback in tackling such concerns.The questionnaire survey and thorough interviewing method were applied in four immigrant communities in Bogda region,one of the four areas of Xinjiang Tianshan world heritage,Xinjiang,China to evaluate the migration effect from perspective of residents' perception and satisfaction.The ecological migration perception is divided into four dimensions:Economic impact,social and cultural impact,environmental impact and psychological impact.The four communities are mainly Kazak immigrant communities,they have industry typicality and their distance to the heritage site is different.A total of 310 questionnaires were distributed and 295 questionnaires were valid.The effective rate was 95.16%.The data were analyzed with factor analysis,two independent sample T test and single factor variance analysis using software SPSS19.0 the results showed that the majority of interviewees were Kazak ethnic groups(96.90%),and their educational level was low.There are 86.8% of households with annual incomes below 40 000 Yuan RMB and they are positioned in the low and middle income levels.There are 42.8 percent of families having tourism professionals,and those with "tourism income accounts for the proportion of household income" in the range from 71 percent to 100 percent,are up to 25.80 percent.Tourism is an important economic source of community migration near the heritage site,and even the entire economic source of some families.Residents are against the high rate of economic positive effects and psychological positive effects,and had divergent views on social impact perception,and highly accepted the positive environment effect.The results show that the ecological environment protection is effective,but the residents' income and quality of life are not improved,and the residents have a weak sense of community attachment.Residents' satisfaction is low.Residents' approval rate of income,occupation,tourism status,welfare,environment,medical care,training and other indicators was lower than the rejection rate.More than 70% of residents are dissatisfied with the status quo of tourism,income and current occupation.The satisfaction about current income was the lowest,with an approval rate of 9.2%.There are significant differences in residents' perception and satisfaction for their different demographic characteristics and different tourism dependency.Residents engaged in tourism have the highest income and satisfaction.The benefits of tourism are most obvious compared with agricultural cultivation,caged animal husbandry and other industries.At the same time,there are some deficiencies in the tourism industry,such as industry instability,limited employment opportunities,low level of tourism participation,and absence of residents.Compared with the settlement nation,larger changes of production and life style occurred after migration,from nomadic herding,to tourism,agriculture,animal husbandry,and work,etc.After immigration,the livelihood of the residents became monotonous.Finally,the suggestion is proposed which includes improving economic condition of residents,such as increasing employment opportunities,livelihood diversity and allowing the moderate grazing; strengthening their training of knowledge and skills and the community empowerment; and improving ecological compensation mechanism.
For heritage researchers,decision makers and residents,it is a common concern whether the ecological migration in the heritage site can realize the ecological protection and the sustainable development of tourism,and improve people's livelihood.A comprehensive assessment of the effect of ecological migration from the perspective of residents' perception and satisfaction is helpful to provide the feedback in tackling such concerns.The questionnaire survey and thorough interviewing method were applied in four immigrant communities in Bogda region,one of the four areas of Xinjiang Tianshan world heritage,Xinjiang,China to evaluate the migration effect from perspective of residents' perception and satisfaction.The ecological migration perception is divided into four dimensions:Economic impact,social and cultural impact,environmental impact and psychological impact.The four communities are mainly Kazak immigrant communities,they have industry typicality and their distance to the heritage site is different.A total of 310 questionnaires were distributed and 295 questionnaires were valid.The effective rate was 95.16%.The data were analyzed with factor analysis,two independent sample T test and single factor variance analysis using software SPSS19.0 the results showed that the majority of interviewees were Kazak ethnic groups(96.90%),and their educational level was low.There are 86.8% of households with annual incomes below 40 000 Yuan RMB and they are positioned in the low and middle income levels.There are 42.8 percent of families having tourism professionals,and those with "tourism income accounts for the proportion of household income" in the range from 71 percent to 100 percent,are up to 25.80 percent.Tourism is an important economic source of community migration near the heritage site,and even the entire economic source of some families.Residents are against the high rate of economic positive effects and psychological positive effects,and had divergent views on social impact perception,and highly accepted the positive environment effect.The results show that the ecological environment protection is effective,but the residents' income and quality of life are not improved,and the residents have a weak sense of community attachment.Residents' satisfaction is low.Residents' approval rate of income,occupation,tourism status,welfare,environment,medical care,training and other indicators was lower than the rejection rate.More than 70% of residents are dissatisfied with the status quo of tourism,income and current occupation.The satisfaction about current income was the lowest,with an approval rate of 9.2%.There are significant differences in residents' perception and satisfaction for their different demographic characteristics and different tourism dependency.Residents engaged in tourism have the highest income and satisfaction.The benefits of tourism are most obvious compared with agricultural cultivation,caged animal husbandry and other industries.At the same time,there are some deficiencies in the tourism industry,such as industry instability,limited employment opportunities,low level of tourism participation,and absence of residents.Compared with the settlement nation,larger changes of production and life style occurred after migration,from nomadic herding,to tourism,agriculture,animal husbandry,and work,etc.After immigration,the livelihood of the residents became monotonous.Finally,the suggestion is proposed which includes improving economic condition of residents,such as increasing employment opportunities,livelihood diversity and allowing the moderate grazing; strengthening their training of knowledge and skills and the community empowerment; and improving ecological compensation mechanism.
引文
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(1)博格达哈萨克民族风情旅游有限责任公司是居民入股组建的旅游企业,简称毡房公司
(2)西域公司,是博格达最大的旅游经营企业
(3)阿肯是哈萨克族诗歌的创作者、演唱者和传播者。他们一般能够触景生情、出口成章。阿肯弹唱是哈萨克草原上主要的娱乐方式之一,每逢节日喜庆、婚嫁礼仪都要举行隆重的阿肯弹唱,随着旅游业的兴起,阿肯弹唱作为一种民俗风情旅游将成为主要内容之一
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(1)博格达哈萨克民族风情旅游有限责任公司是居民入股组建的旅游企业,简称毡房公司
(2)西域公司,是博格达最大的旅游经营企业
(3)阿肯是哈萨克族诗歌的创作者、演唱者和传播者。他们一般能够触景生情、出口成章。阿肯弹唱是哈萨克草原上主要的娱乐方式之一,每逢节日喜庆、婚嫁礼仪都要举行隆重的阿肯弹唱,随着旅游业的兴起,阿肯弹唱作为一种民俗风情旅游将成为主要内容之一