收入冲击、婚姻满意度和夫妻议价
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摘要
婚姻满意度一直是婚姻经济学和家庭经济学的重要议题,但关于收入与婚姻满意度之间因果关系的研究较为缺乏。本文使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS) 2014年数据,利用中国农村老年人60岁后才有资格领取新农保养老金这一自然实验所带来的外生收入冲击,采用断点回归设计考察了收入冲击对婚姻满意度的因果效应。结果显示,收入增加将显著促进中老年人的婚姻满意度,该结论在一系列稳健性检验下仍然成立。机制分析显示,收入提升婚姻满意度并非是通过扩大家庭的整体预算约束引起的,而是由于获得养老金的一方提升了其在婚姻关系中的议价能力。
Marital satisfaction has always been an important topic in family economics. However,literatures on the causal relationship between income and marital satisfaction are relatively incomplete. In this paper,we examine the causal effect of income on marital satisfaction,through an experiment in which pension income is treated as an exogenous shock. The experiment is designed under the context that rural residents over 60 years old are eligible for pension in China. Using regression discontinuity design method with CFPS data of the year 2014,we find that increase in income significantly promotes marital satisfaction among rural residents,and the results remain robust after a series of checks. Moreover,mechanism analysis shows that the promotion of marital satisfaction is not caused by expanding the overall budget constraint of a family,but mainly because the one who receives pension gains more bargaining power within the marriage.
Marital satisfaction has always been an important topic in family economics. However,literatures on the causal relationship between income and marital satisfaction are relatively incomplete. In this paper,we examine the causal effect of income on marital satisfaction,through an experiment in which pension income is treated as an exogenous shock. The experiment is designed under the context that rural residents over 60 years old are eligible for pension in China. Using regression discontinuity design method with CFPS data of the year 2014,we find that increase in income significantly promotes marital satisfaction among rural residents,and the results remain robust after a series of checks. Moreover,mechanism analysis shows that the promotion of marital satisfaction is not caused by expanding the overall budget constraint of a family,but mainly because the one who receives pension gains more bargaining power within the marriage.
引文
陈华帅、曾毅(2013)，《“新农保”使谁受益:老人还是子女?》，《经济研究》第8期，第55-67页。
程杰(2014)，《养老保障的劳动供给效应》，《经济研究》第10期，第60-73页。
程令国、张晔、刘志彪(2013)，《“新农保”改变了中国农村居民的养老模式吗?》，《经济研究》第8期，第42-54页。
郭婷、秦雪征(2016)，《婚姻匹配、生活满意度和初婚离婚风险---基于中国家庭追踪调查的研究》，《劳动经济研究》第4卷第6期，第42-68页。
雷晓燕、许文健、赵耀辉(2014)，《高攀的婚姻更令人满意吗?婚姻匹配模式及其长远影响》，《经济学(季刊)》第14卷第1期，第31-50页。
林建浩、张兰、王美今(2016)，《“贤内助”效应还是岳父效应?---中国式婚姻溢酬机制的收入阶层异质性研究》，《劳动经济研究》第4卷第1期，第33-64页。
齐良书(2008)，《婚姻经济学研究进展》，《经济学动态》第9期，第85-89页。
申顺芬、林明鲜(2013)，《婚姻满意度研究:以山东省为例》，《人口研究》第4期，第92-102页。
王智波、李长洪(2016)，《好男人都结婚了吗?---探究我国男性工资婚姻溢价的形成机制》，《经济学(季刊)》第15卷第3期，第917-940页。
吴要武、刘倩(2014)，《高校扩招对婚姻市场的影响:剩女?剩男?》，《经济学(季刊)》第14卷第1期，第5-30页。
徐安琪、叶文振(1998)，《婚姻质量:度量指标及其影响因素》，《中国社会科学》第1期，第145-159页。
张川川、陈斌开(2014)，《“社会养老”能否替代“家庭养老”?---来自中国新型农村社会养老保险的证据》，《经济研究》第11期，第102-115页。
张会平(2013)，《家庭收入对女性婚姻幸福感的影响:夫妻积极情感表达的中介作用》，《中国临床心理学杂志》第2期，第268-271页。
张晔、程令国、刘志彪(2016)，《“新农保”对农村居民养老质量的影响研究》，《经济学(季刊)》第15卷第2期，第817-844页。
Aniol,Julie&Douglas Synder(1997).Differential Assessment of Financial and Relationship Distress:Implications for Couples Therapy.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,23(3),347-352.
Becker,Gary(1973).A Theory of Marriage:Part I.Journal of Political Economy,81(4),813-846.
Becker,Gary(1974).A Theory of Marriage:Part II.Journal of Political Economy,82(2),S11-S26.
Calonico,Sebastian,Matias Cattaneo&Max Farrell(2018).On the Effect of Bias Estimation on Coverage Accuracy in Nonparametric Inference.Journal of the American Statistical Association,113(522),767-779.
Calonico,Sebastian,Matias Cattaneo&Rocio Titiunik(2014).Robust Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Regression-Discontinuity Designs.Econometrica,82(6),2295-2326.
Calonico,Sebastian,Matias Cattaneo,Max Farrell&Rocío Titiunik(2017).Rdrobust:Software for Regression-Discontinuity Designs.The Stata Journal,17(2),372-404.
Chapman,Bruce&Cahit Guven(2010).Marital Status is Misunderstood in Happiness Models.School Working Paper,No.SWP 2010/03,School of Accounting,Economics and Finance,Faculty of Business and Law,University Australia.
Chen,Xi(2016).Old-Age Pension and Extended Families:How is Adult Children’s Internal Migration Affected?Contemporary Economic Policy,34(4),646-659.
Chen,Xi,Karen Eggleston&Ang Sun(2018).The Impact of Social Pensions on Intergenerational Relationships:Comparative Evidence from China.The Journal of the Economics of Ageing,12,225-235.
Chen,Xi,Tianyu Wang&Susan Busch(2019).Does Money Relieve Depression?Evidence from Social Pension Expansions in China.Social Science&Medicine,220,411-420.
Chen,Zeyuan&Albert Park(2016).Rural Pensions,Intra-Household Bargaining,and Elderly Medical Expenditure in China.https://epc2016.princeton.edu/papers/161143.
Cheng,Lingguo,Hong Liu,Ye Zhang&Zhong Zhao(2018).The Health Implications of Social Pensions:Evidence from China’s New Rural Pension Scheme.Journal of Comparative Economics,46(1),53-77.
Cutler,David&Adriana Lleras-Muney(2010).Understanding Differences in Health Behaviors by Education.Journal of Health Economics,29(1),1-28.
Dakin,John&Richard Wampler(2008).Money Doesn’t Buy Happiness,but it Helps:Marital Satisfaction,Psychological Distress,and Demographic Differences between Lowand Middle-Income Clinic Couples.American Journal of Family Therapy,36(4),300-311.
Doss,Cheryl(2013).Intrahousehold Bargaining and Resource Allocation in Developing Countries.The World Bank Research Observer,28(1),52-78.
Duflo,Esther(2003).Grandmothers and Granddaughters:Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa.The World Bank Economic Review,17(1),1-25.
Elmslie,Bruce&Edinaldo Tebaldi(2014).The Determinants of Marital Happiness.Applied Economics,46(28),3452-3462.
Gelman,Andrew&Guido Imbens(2014).Why High-Order Polynomials Should not be Used in Regression Discontinuity Designs.NBER Working Paper,No.20405.
Gordon,Kristina,Donald Baucom,Norman Epstein,Charles Burnett&Lynn Rankin(1999).The Interaction between Marital Standards and Communication Patterns:How Does it Contribute to Marital Adjustment?Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,25(2),211-223.
Huang,Fali,Ginger Zhe Jin&Lixin Colin Xu(2012).Love and Money by Parental Matchmaking:Evidence from Urban Couples in China.American Economic Review,102(3),555-560.
Huang,Wei&Chuanchuan Zhang(2016).The Power of Social Pensions.IZA Discussion Paper Series,No.10425.
Huang,Wei&Yi Zhou(2015).One-Child Policy,Marriage Distortion,and Welfare Loss.https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weihuang/files/ocp_marriage_welfare_loss_201605.pdf．
Jia,Ruixue&Hongbin Li(2017).Access to Elite Education,Wage Premium,and Social Mobilty:Evidence from China’s College Entrance Exam.http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ecs/events/seminar/seminar-papers/17-08-31.pdf.
Karney,Benjamin&Thomas Bradbury(1995).The Longitudinal Course of Marital Quality and Stability:A Review of Theory,Method,and Research.Psychological Bulletin,118(1),3-34.
Lee,David&Thomas Lemieux(2010).Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics.Journal of Economic Literature,48(2),281-355.
Li,Lixing&Xiaoyu Wu(2011).Gender of Children,Bargaining Power,and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in China.Journal of Human Resources,46(2),295-316.
Liker,Jeffrey&Glen Elder(1983).Economic Hardship and Marital Relations in the 1930s.American Sociological Review,48(3),343-359.
Lundberg,Shelly&Robert Pollak(1993).Separate Spheres Bargaining and the Marriage Market.Journal of Political Economy,101(6),988-1010.
Lundberg,Shelly&Robert Pollak(1994).Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage.American Economic Review,84(2),132-137.
Ning,Manxiu,Jinquan Gong,Xuhui Zheng&Jun Zhuang(2016).Does New Rural Pension Scheme Decrease Elderly Labor Supply?Evidence from CHARLS.China Economic Review,41,315-330.
Pan,Jie(2009).The Role of Labor Market Participation on Marriage BargainingIdentification through Intergenerational Transfers.https://editorialexpress.com/cgibin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=FEMES09&paper_id=195
Shigeoka,Hitoshi(2014).The Effect of Patient Cost Sharing on Utilization,Health,and Risk Protection.American Economic Review,104(7),2152-2184.
Tao,Hung-Lin(2005).The Effects of Income and Children on Marital HappinessEvidence from Middle-and Old-Aged Couples.Applied Economics Letters,12(8),521-524.
Twenge,Jean,Keith Campbell&Craig Foster(2003).Parenthood and Marital Satisfaction:A Meta-Analytic Review.Journal of Marriage and Family,65(3),574-583.
(1)来自中央人民政府网《国务院关于开展新型农村社会养老保险试点的指导意见》(国发[2009]32号)，http://www. gov. cn/zhengce/content/2009-09/04/content_7280. htm。
(1)如果把断点设为60. 1岁、60. 3岁，结果不变。
(1)该方法参考Calonico et al.(2014)、Calonico et al.(2018)、Calonico et al.(2017)。
(1)右侧截取到75岁，主要由于75岁与45岁关于断点对称。如果右侧截取到80岁、85岁，或者不设限制一直取到最大值104岁，结果基本一致。由于断点回归是加权的“局部”处理效应，最终进行因果推断的只是带宽内的局部样本，而且本文还采用各种不同带宽进行了稳健性分析。因此，基准样本对年龄如何截取，对本文结论不会产生影响。
(2)为了捕捉更多的婚姻满意度信息，在后文回归分析中，我们把1~5作为连续变量处理。这样处理的一个缺陷在于5个刻度可能不是等距的，如果我们把婚姻满意度转换成0、1变量(把4、5赋值为1，把1、2、3赋值为0)，结论不变。
(1)由于只有已婚个体才汇报婚姻满意度，本文样本限定为农村已婚居民。为了考察断点处的结婚率是否存在跳跃，本文将样本放宽为农村居民，包括未婚居民。
(1)由于以下原因，高阶数结果不可信。首先，高阶多项式下的权重存在问题，远离断点的样本本该权重接近0，但可能会在高阶情况下权重偏离0，且会随阶数的不同而发生大幅度变化。第二，高阶多项式的估计结果对阶数选择高度敏感。第三，基于高阶多项式的置信区间偏窄从而会过度拒绝原假设。因此，高阶的统计推断往往不可信。事实上，在Gelman&Imbens(2014)工作论文出来后，学界基本遵从了他们的建议，2015-2016年刊发在The American Economic Review的6篇采用RD进行实证的论文，5篇阶数都只是1次或2次。
(1)子女对父母的转移支付可能还与居住安排有关。程令国等(2013)发现，如果获得养老金会让老年人由跟子女合住转变为分开居住，子女对老年人的转移支付反而会增加。Chen et al.(2018)证实了获得新农保会让老年人更倾向于跟子女分开居住。不过，Huang&Zhang(2016)用全国数据并没有发现新农保会改变居住方式。本文分别以“家庭同灶吃饭人数”和“每周与家人一起吃饭次数”作为因变量进行回归，如表7第(6)列和第(7)列所示，结果并不显著，即居住方式对本文结论影响也不大。
(1)由于61. 25岁并不是获得养老金的断点，因此，以此作为断点进行估计，结果不显著的原因还可能是第一阶段太弱。因此，本文又进行了补充性验证:在简约模型的基础上增加各消费变量，如果各消费变量是解释收入促进婚姻满意度的机制，那么，简约模型核心变量“大于等于60. 25岁”前系数的大小及显著性应该会减弱(Cutler&Lleras-Muney,2010)。我们发现，这些消费变量均不显著，即与婚姻满意度关系不大。
(1)虽无法排除所有的Becker新古典一元家庭模型的机制，但上述证据使我们转而考虑夫妻议价机制。通过排除其他机制进一步验证夫妻议价机制的思路与Li&Wu(2011)类似。
程杰(2014)，《养老保障的劳动供给效应》，《经济研究》第10期，第60-73页。
程令国、张晔、刘志彪(2013)，《“新农保”改变了中国农村居民的养老模式吗?》，《经济研究》第8期，第42-54页。
郭婷、秦雪征(2016)，《婚姻匹配、生活满意度和初婚离婚风险---基于中国家庭追踪调查的研究》，《劳动经济研究》第4卷第6期，第42-68页。
雷晓燕、许文健、赵耀辉(2014)，《高攀的婚姻更令人满意吗?婚姻匹配模式及其长远影响》，《经济学(季刊)》第14卷第1期，第31-50页。
林建浩、张兰、王美今(2016)，《“贤内助”效应还是岳父效应?---中国式婚姻溢酬机制的收入阶层异质性研究》，《劳动经济研究》第4卷第1期，第33-64页。
齐良书(2008)，《婚姻经济学研究进展》，《经济学动态》第9期，第85-89页。
申顺芬、林明鲜(2013)，《婚姻满意度研究:以山东省为例》，《人口研究》第4期，第92-102页。
王智波、李长洪(2016)，《好男人都结婚了吗?---探究我国男性工资婚姻溢价的形成机制》，《经济学(季刊)》第15卷第3期，第917-940页。
吴要武、刘倩(2014)，《高校扩招对婚姻市场的影响:剩女?剩男?》，《经济学(季刊)》第14卷第1期，第5-30页。
徐安琪、叶文振(1998)，《婚姻质量:度量指标及其影响因素》，《中国社会科学》第1期，第145-159页。
张川川、陈斌开(2014)，《“社会养老”能否替代“家庭养老”?---来自中国新型农村社会养老保险的证据》，《经济研究》第11期，第102-115页。
张会平(2013)，《家庭收入对女性婚姻幸福感的影响:夫妻积极情感表达的中介作用》，《中国临床心理学杂志》第2期，第268-271页。
张晔、程令国、刘志彪(2016)，《“新农保”对农村居民养老质量的影响研究》，《经济学(季刊)》第15卷第2期，第817-844页。
Aniol,Julie&Douglas Synder(1997).Differential Assessment of Financial and Relationship Distress:Implications for Couples Therapy.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,23(3),347-352.
Becker,Gary(1973).A Theory of Marriage:Part I.Journal of Political Economy,81(4),813-846.
Becker,Gary(1974).A Theory of Marriage:Part II.Journal of Political Economy,82(2),S11-S26.
Calonico,Sebastian,Matias Cattaneo&Max Farrell(2018).On the Effect of Bias Estimation on Coverage Accuracy in Nonparametric Inference.Journal of the American Statistical Association,113(522),767-779.
Calonico,Sebastian,Matias Cattaneo&Rocio Titiunik(2014).Robust Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Regression-Discontinuity Designs.Econometrica,82(6),2295-2326.
Calonico,Sebastian,Matias Cattaneo,Max Farrell&Rocío Titiunik(2017).Rdrobust:Software for Regression-Discontinuity Designs.The Stata Journal,17(2),372-404.
Chapman,Bruce&Cahit Guven(2010).Marital Status is Misunderstood in Happiness Models.School Working Paper,No.SWP 2010/03,School of Accounting,Economics and Finance,Faculty of Business and Law,University Australia.
Chen,Xi(2016).Old-Age Pension and Extended Families:How is Adult Children’s Internal Migration Affected?Contemporary Economic Policy,34(4),646-659.
Chen,Xi,Karen Eggleston&Ang Sun(2018).The Impact of Social Pensions on Intergenerational Relationships:Comparative Evidence from China.The Journal of the Economics of Ageing,12,225-235.
Chen,Xi,Tianyu Wang&Susan Busch(2019).Does Money Relieve Depression?Evidence from Social Pension Expansions in China.Social Science&Medicine,220,411-420.
Chen,Zeyuan&Albert Park(2016).Rural Pensions,Intra-Household Bargaining,and Elderly Medical Expenditure in China.https://epc2016.princeton.edu/papers/161143.
Cheng,Lingguo,Hong Liu,Ye Zhang&Zhong Zhao(2018).The Health Implications of Social Pensions:Evidence from China’s New Rural Pension Scheme.Journal of Comparative Economics,46(1),53-77.
Cutler,David&Adriana Lleras-Muney(2010).Understanding Differences in Health Behaviors by Education.Journal of Health Economics,29(1),1-28.
Dakin,John&Richard Wampler(2008).Money Doesn’t Buy Happiness,but it Helps:Marital Satisfaction,Psychological Distress,and Demographic Differences between Lowand Middle-Income Clinic Couples.American Journal of Family Therapy,36(4),300-311.
Doss,Cheryl(2013).Intrahousehold Bargaining and Resource Allocation in Developing Countries.The World Bank Research Observer,28(1),52-78.
Duflo,Esther(2003).Grandmothers and Granddaughters:Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa.The World Bank Economic Review,17(1),1-25.
Elmslie,Bruce&Edinaldo Tebaldi(2014).The Determinants of Marital Happiness.Applied Economics,46(28),3452-3462.
Gelman,Andrew&Guido Imbens(2014).Why High-Order Polynomials Should not be Used in Regression Discontinuity Designs.NBER Working Paper,No.20405.
Gordon,Kristina,Donald Baucom,Norman Epstein,Charles Burnett&Lynn Rankin(1999).The Interaction between Marital Standards and Communication Patterns:How Does it Contribute to Marital Adjustment?Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,25(2),211-223.
Huang,Fali,Ginger Zhe Jin&Lixin Colin Xu(2012).Love and Money by Parental Matchmaking:Evidence from Urban Couples in China.American Economic Review,102(3),555-560.
Huang,Wei&Chuanchuan Zhang(2016).The Power of Social Pensions.IZA Discussion Paper Series,No.10425.
Huang,Wei&Yi Zhou(2015).One-Child Policy,Marriage Distortion,and Welfare Loss.https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/weihuang/files/ocp_marriage_welfare_loss_201605.pdf．
Jia,Ruixue&Hongbin Li(2017).Access to Elite Education,Wage Premium,and Social Mobilty:Evidence from China’s College Entrance Exam.http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ecs/events/seminar/seminar-papers/17-08-31.pdf.
Karney,Benjamin&Thomas Bradbury(1995).The Longitudinal Course of Marital Quality and Stability:A Review of Theory,Method,and Research.Psychological Bulletin,118(1),3-34.
Lee,David&Thomas Lemieux(2010).Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics.Journal of Economic Literature,48(2),281-355.
Li,Lixing&Xiaoyu Wu(2011).Gender of Children,Bargaining Power,and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in China.Journal of Human Resources,46(2),295-316.
Liker,Jeffrey&Glen Elder(1983).Economic Hardship and Marital Relations in the 1930s.American Sociological Review,48(3),343-359.
Lundberg,Shelly&Robert Pollak(1993).Separate Spheres Bargaining and the Marriage Market.Journal of Political Economy,101(6),988-1010.
Lundberg,Shelly&Robert Pollak(1994).Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage.American Economic Review,84(2),132-137.
Ning,Manxiu,Jinquan Gong,Xuhui Zheng&Jun Zhuang(2016).Does New Rural Pension Scheme Decrease Elderly Labor Supply?Evidence from CHARLS.China Economic Review,41,315-330.
Pan,Jie(2009).The Role of Labor Market Participation on Marriage BargainingIdentification through Intergenerational Transfers.https://editorialexpress.com/cgibin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=FEMES09&paper_id=195
Shigeoka,Hitoshi(2014).The Effect of Patient Cost Sharing on Utilization,Health,and Risk Protection.American Economic Review,104(7),2152-2184.
Tao,Hung-Lin(2005).The Effects of Income and Children on Marital HappinessEvidence from Middle-and Old-Aged Couples.Applied Economics Letters,12(8),521-524.
Twenge,Jean,Keith Campbell&Craig Foster(2003).Parenthood and Marital Satisfaction:A Meta-Analytic Review.Journal of Marriage and Family,65(3),574-583.
(1)来自中央人民政府网《国务院关于开展新型农村社会养老保险试点的指导意见》(国发[2009]32号)，http://www. gov. cn/zhengce/content/2009-09/04/content_7280. htm。
(1)如果把断点设为60. 1岁、60. 3岁，结果不变。
(1)该方法参考Calonico et al.(2014)、Calonico et al.(2018)、Calonico et al.(2017)。
(1)右侧截取到75岁，主要由于75岁与45岁关于断点对称。如果右侧截取到80岁、85岁，或者不设限制一直取到最大值104岁，结果基本一致。由于断点回归是加权的“局部”处理效应，最终进行因果推断的只是带宽内的局部样本，而且本文还采用各种不同带宽进行了稳健性分析。因此，基准样本对年龄如何截取，对本文结论不会产生影响。
(2)为了捕捉更多的婚姻满意度信息，在后文回归分析中，我们把1~5作为连续变量处理。这样处理的一个缺陷在于5个刻度可能不是等距的，如果我们把婚姻满意度转换成0、1变量(把4、5赋值为1，把1、2、3赋值为0)，结论不变。
(1)由于只有已婚个体才汇报婚姻满意度，本文样本限定为农村已婚居民。为了考察断点处的结婚率是否存在跳跃，本文将样本放宽为农村居民，包括未婚居民。
(1)由于以下原因，高阶数结果不可信。首先，高阶多项式下的权重存在问题，远离断点的样本本该权重接近0，但可能会在高阶情况下权重偏离0，且会随阶数的不同而发生大幅度变化。第二，高阶多项式的估计结果对阶数选择高度敏感。第三，基于高阶多项式的置信区间偏窄从而会过度拒绝原假设。因此，高阶的统计推断往往不可信。事实上，在Gelman&Imbens(2014)工作论文出来后，学界基本遵从了他们的建议，2015-2016年刊发在The American Economic Review的6篇采用RD进行实证的论文，5篇阶数都只是1次或2次。
(1)子女对父母的转移支付可能还与居住安排有关。程令国等(2013)发现，如果获得养老金会让老年人由跟子女合住转变为分开居住，子女对老年人的转移支付反而会增加。Chen et al.(2018)证实了获得新农保会让老年人更倾向于跟子女分开居住。不过，Huang&Zhang(2016)用全国数据并没有发现新农保会改变居住方式。本文分别以“家庭同灶吃饭人数”和“每周与家人一起吃饭次数”作为因变量进行回归，如表7第(6)列和第(7)列所示，结果并不显著，即居住方式对本文结论影响也不大。
(1)由于61. 25岁并不是获得养老金的断点，因此，以此作为断点进行估计，结果不显著的原因还可能是第一阶段太弱。因此，本文又进行了补充性验证:在简约模型的基础上增加各消费变量，如果各消费变量是解释收入促进婚姻满意度的机制，那么，简约模型核心变量“大于等于60. 25岁”前系数的大小及显著性应该会减弱(Cutler&Lleras-Muney,2010)。我们发现，这些消费变量均不显著，即与婚姻满意度关系不大。
(1)虽无法排除所有的Becker新古典一元家庭模型的机制，但上述证据使我们转而考虑夫妻议价机制。通过排除其他机制进一步验证夫妻议价机制的思路与Li&Wu(2011)类似。