基于DRYESM模型的红枫水库水体热分层特征及关键控制因素模拟研究
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摘要
水温结构是湖库生态系统演化的重要基础,热分层稳定性对深水湖库水体物理、化学和生物演化具有重要影响,因此研究水体热分层特征及关键控制因素具有重要意义。本文运用DYRESM水动力模型模拟了红枫水库2014年全年的水温变化特征,并对影响水体热分层结构的关键控制因素进行了探究。结果表明:1) DYRESM水动力学模型可有效模拟红枫水库的水体热分层特征及时间演化规律,可准确预测水体热分层形成和消亡的时间及去分层强度。2)气温变化对水库水体热分层具有明显影响,增温可加速水体热分层的形成,造成温跃层下潜和去分层延迟;短波辐射的增强(<40%)不会对红枫湖水温结构造成明显影响,但可导致去分层发生时间后延;风速是水体热分层稳定性的敏感因素,当风速增加40%后,热分层演化发生较大变化,表现在6～9月份中层及底层水温大幅升高(从9℃上升到14℃),去分层时间提前30天,相应造成分层期缩短。
The vertical structure of water temperature is an important basis for the evolution of lake/reservoir ecosystem. The stability of thermal stratification has important impacts on physical,chemical and biological evolutions of deep-water lakes and reservoirs. Therefore,it is of great significance to study the characteristics and key control factors of water thermal stratification. In this study,the DYRESM hydrodynamic model was applied to simulate the water temperature variation of the Hongfeng Reservoir in 2014,and the key factors affecting the water thermal stratification were explored. Our results showed that: 1) the DYRESM model can effectively simulate the characteristics and time evolution of the water thermal stratification and can accurately predict the formation and extinction of the thermal stratification and the intensity of de-stratification. 2) the temperature changes have significant impacts on the thermal stratification,and the increasing temperature can accelerate the formation of the water thermal stratification,resulting in the thermocline submergence and the delay of de-stratification. The enhancement of shortwave radiation( <40%) will not significantly affect the water temperature structure,but may cause the time delay of de-stratification. The wind speed is a sensitive factor of the thermal stratification stability. When the wind speed increases by 40%,the water temperatures in the middle and bottom waters will increase significantly( from9 to 14 ℃) from June to September,and the de-stratification will occur 30 days earlier,correspondingly,the stratification period will be shortened.
The vertical structure of water temperature is an important basis for the evolution of lake/reservoir ecosystem. The stability of thermal stratification has important impacts on physical,chemical and biological evolutions of deep-water lakes and reservoirs. Therefore,it is of great significance to study the characteristics and key control factors of water thermal stratification. In this study,the DYRESM hydrodynamic model was applied to simulate the water temperature variation of the Hongfeng Reservoir in 2014,and the key factors affecting the water thermal stratification were explored. Our results showed that: 1) the DYRESM model can effectively simulate the characteristics and time evolution of the water thermal stratification and can accurately predict the formation and extinction of the thermal stratification and the intensity of de-stratification. 2) the temperature changes have significant impacts on the thermal stratification,and the increasing temperature can accelerate the formation of the water thermal stratification,resulting in the thermocline submergence and the delay of de-stratification. The enhancement of shortwave radiation( <40%) will not significantly affect the water temperature structure,but may cause the time delay of de-stratification. The wind speed is a sensitive factor of the thermal stratification stability. When the wind speed increases by 40%,the water temperatures in the middle and bottom waters will increase significantly( from9 to 14 ℃) from June to September,and the de-stratification will occur 30 days earlier,correspondingly,the stratification period will be shortened.
引文
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[2]林国恩,望甜,林秋奇,等.广东流溪河水库湖沼学变量的时空动态特征[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(3):387-394.
[3]曹广晶,惠二青,胡兴娥,等.三峡水库蓄水以来近坝区水温垂向结构分析[J].水利学报,2012,39(10):1254-1259.
[4]贺冉冉,罗潋葱,朱广伟,等.天目湖溶解氧变化特征及对内源氮释放的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(4):344-349.
[5]王敬富,陈敬安,杨永琼,等.红枫湖季节性热分层消亡期水体的理化特征[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(8):845-851.
[6] Morira S,Boehrer B,Schultze M,et al. Modeling geochemically caused permanent stratification in Lake Waldsee(Germany)[J]. Aquatic Geochemistry,2011,17:1-16.
[7]汪福顺.季节性缺氧湖泊微量金属元素的界面地球化学行为[D].贵阳:中国科学院地球化学研究所,2003.
[8]杨永琼.高原亚深水湖泊沉积物内源磷释放特征与控制途径研究[D].贵阳:中国科学院地球化学研究所,2013.
[9]王雨春,朱骏,马梅,等.西南峡谷型水库的季节性分层和突发性水质恶化[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(1); 54-60.
[10] Lawson R,Anderson M A. Stratification and mixing in Lake Elsinore,California:An assessment of axial flow pumps forimproving water quality in a shallow eutrophic lake[J]. Water Research,2007,41(19):4457-4467.
[11] Elci S. Effects of thermal stratification and mixing on reservoir water quality[J]. Limnology,2008,9(2):135-142.
[12] Antenucci J P,Imerito A. The CWR dynamic reservoir simulation Model-DYRESM:Science Manual[EB/OL]. http://www2.cwr.uwa.edu.au/~ttfadmin/model/dyresm ld/index.html,2002-12-30.
[13] Imerito A. Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model-Dyresm v4 v4. 0 Science Manual[EB/OL]. http://www.cwr.uwa.edu.au/software1/CWRDownloads/model Docs/DYRESM Science.pdf,2015-2-28.
[14]陈德元.泸沽湖多年热力学状况初步数值模拟[D].广州:暨南大学. 2015.
[15] Stull R B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers,1988:515-520.
[16] Patten B C,Egloff D A,Richardson T H. 10-Total ecosystem model for a cove in Lake Texoma[J]. Systems Analysis&Simulation in Ecology,1975:205-421.
[17] Imberger J,Patterson J C. A Dynamic reservoir simulation model–DYRESM[J]. Transport Models/inland&Coastal Waters,1981:310-361.
[18]张士杰,彭文启.二滩水库水温结构及其影响因素研究[J].水利学报,2009,10(10):1254-1258.
[19]夏品华,林陶,李存雄,等.贵州高原红枫湖水库季节性分层的水环境质量响应[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(9); 1477-1485.
[20]陈桥,韩红娟,翟水晶,等.太湖地区太阳辐射与水温的变化特征及其对叶绿素a的影响[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(1); 199-206.
[21]赵林林,朱广伟,陈元芳,等.太湖水体水温垂向分层特征及其影响因素[J].水科学进展,2011,22(6); 844-849.