祁连山东部青杄年内径向生长动态对气候的响应
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摘要
树木径向生长对气候因子的响应是树轮气候学的基础。在我国西北地区,虽然已有大量的树轮-气候响应研究,但是响应分析多基于数理统计结果,缺乏对树木生长过程的理解。基于此,于2013年到2015年在祁连山东部吐鲁沟国家森林公园内通过Dendrometer连续监测了树轮气候重建中常用树种青杄的径向生长,通过平均值法提取2013到2015年生长季内不同时间尺度(1天、7天、10天)的平均径向生长量及对应时间段的平均气候状况。不同时间尺度径向生长量和气候因子的相关分析结果表明,时间尺度的延长削弱了树干水分昼夜变化的干扰,但水分仍然是青杄径向生长的限制因子。为了进一步分析青杄径向生长与气候关系随时间的变化情况,以31天为窗口将日径向生长量与气候要素每隔一天进行滑动相关,结果显示:5、7月青杄的径向生长与降水的关系稳定,都呈显著正相关,但是6月降水的年际变率较大,导致树木可利用水分的变幅也较大,因而树木径向生长与6月水分的响应关系不稳定,存在较大的年际差异,而这可能是一些树轮-气候响应研究中轮宽与6月降水关系不显著的原因。
The responses of stem radial growth to climate are the basis of dendroclimatology. There is much research on the tree radial growth response to climate change in northwest China. However,most studies are based on statistical analysis,lacking an understanding of tree growth processes. Therefore,two Picea wilsorii trees were continuously monitored with a dendrometer in the Tulugou National Forest Reserve in the eastern Qilian Mountains from 2013 to 2015 in this study. We extracted the stem radial increment at different time scales (1 day,7 days,10 days) and mean climate factors. Our studies have shown that the extension of the time scale weakens the disturbance of diurnal variation in the trunk water,but the available water status is still a major limiting factor for stem radial growth. To further understand the major climatic factors affecting radial growth,we calculated the moving correlation coefficient between the daily radial growth and the daily meteorological data (temperature,precipitation,VPD) within a window of 31 days. We found that the stem radial growth was significantly positively correlated with precipitation in May and July during the three years,but the change of available water was large to the radial growth of Picea wilsorii during the three years. Thus,the relationship between the stem radial growth and precipitation in June was unstable. This may be the reason why the relationship between tree-rings andprecipitation in June is not significant in some studies on the climate response of tree-rings.
The responses of stem radial growth to climate are the basis of dendroclimatology. There is much research on the tree radial growth response to climate change in northwest China. However,most studies are based on statistical analysis,lacking an understanding of tree growth processes. Therefore,two Picea wilsorii trees were continuously monitored with a dendrometer in the Tulugou National Forest Reserve in the eastern Qilian Mountains from 2013 to 2015 in this study. We extracted the stem radial increment at different time scales (1 day,7 days,10 days) and mean climate factors. Our studies have shown that the extension of the time scale weakens the disturbance of diurnal variation in the trunk water,but the available water status is still a major limiting factor for stem radial growth. To further understand the major climatic factors affecting radial growth,we calculated the moving correlation coefficient between the daily radial growth and the daily meteorological data (temperature,precipitation,VPD) within a window of 31 days. We found that the stem radial growth was significantly positively correlated with precipitation in May and July during the three years,but the change of available water was large to the radial growth of Picea wilsorii during the three years. Thus,the relationship between the stem radial growth and precipitation in June was unstable. This may be the reason why the relationship between tree-rings andprecipitation in June is not significant in some studies on the climate response of tree-rings.
引文
[1]Fritts H C.Tree Rings and Climate.New York:Academic Press,1976.
[2]Sun J Y,Liu Y.Tree ring based precipitation reconstruction in the south slope of the middle Qilian Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,over the last millennium.Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(D8):D08108.
[3]Liang E Y,Liu X H,Yuan Y J,Qin N S,Fang X Q,Huang L,Zhu H F,Wang L L,Shao X M.The 1920s drought recorded by tree rings and historical documents in the semi-arid and arid areas of northern China.Climatic Change,2006,79(3/4):403-432.
[4]高琳琳,勾晓华,邓洋,杨梅学,霍玉侠,陈秋艳.西北干旱区树轮气候学研究进展.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(4):25-35.
[5]邵雪梅,梁尔源,黄磊,王丽丽.柴达木盆地东北部过去1437 a的降水变化重建.气候变化研究进展,2006,2(3):122-126.
[6]方克艳,勾晓华,陈发虎,彭剑峰,刘普幸,王茂,朱有明.树轮生态学研究进展.冰川冻土,2008,30(5):825-834.
[7]Liang E Y,Shao X M,Liu X H.Annual precipitation variation inferred from tree rings since A.D.1770 for the Western Qilian Mts.,Northern Tibetan Plateau.Tree-Ring Research,2009,65(2):95-103.
[8]Gou X H,Gao L L,Deng Y,Chen F H,Yang M X,Still C.An 850-year tree-ring-based reconstruction of drought history in the western Qilian Mountains of northwestern China.International Journal of Climatology,2015,35(11):3308-3319.
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[11]Duchesne L,Houle D,D'Orangeville L.Influence of climate on seasonal patterns of stem increment of balsam fir in a boreal forest of Québec,Canada.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2012,162-163:108-114.
[12]Deslauriers A,Rossi S,Anfodillo T.Dendrometer and intra-annual tree growth:What kind of information can be inferred?Dendrochronologia,2007,25(2):113-124.
[13]Zhang J Z,Gou X H,Zhang Y X,Lu M,Xu X Y,Zhang F,Liu W H,Gao L L.Forward modeling analyses of Qilian Juniper(Sabina przewalskii)growth in response to climate factors in different regions of the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China.Trees,2015,30(1):175-188.
[14]Gou X H,Zhou F F,Zhang Y X,Chen Q Y,Zhang J Z.Forward modeling analysis of regional scale tree-ring patterns around the northeastern Tibetan Plateau,Northwest China.Biogeosciences Discussions,2013,10(6):9969-9988.
[15]路明,勾晓华,张军周,张芬,满自红.祁连山东部祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)径向生长动态及其对环境因子的响应.第四纪研究,2015,35(5):1201-1208.
[16]Wang Z Y,Yang B,Deslauriers A,Bruning A.Intra-annual stem radial increment response of Qilian juniper to temperature and precipitation along an altitudinal gradient in northwestern China.Trees,2015,29(1):25-34.
[17]Wang Z Y,Yang B,Deslauriers A,Qin C,He M H,Shi F,Liu J J.Two phases of seasonal stem radius variations of Sabina przewalskii Kom.in northwestern China inferred from sub-diurnal shrinkage and expansion patterns.Trees,2012,26(6):1747-1757.
[18]Irvine J,Grace J.Continuous measurements of water tensions in the xylem of trees based on the elastic properties of wood.Planta,1997,202(4):455-461.
[19]Mkinen H,N9jd P,SaranpP,Seasonal changes in stem radius and production of new tracheids in Norway spruce.Tree Physiology,2003,23(14):959-968.
[20]K9cher P,Horna V,Leuschner C.Environmental control of daily stem growth patterns in five temperate broad-leaved tree species.Tree Physiology,2012,32(8):1021-1032.
[21]Li X X,Liang E Y,Gricˇar J,Prislan P,Rossi S,Cˇufar K.Age dependence of xylogenesis and its climatic sensitivity in Smith fir on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.Tree Physiology,2013,33(1):48-56.
[22]Li X X,Liang E Y,Gricˇar J,Rossi S,Cˇufar K,Ellison A M.Critical minimum temperature limits xylogenesis and maintains treelines on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.Science Bulletin,2017,62(11):804-812.
[23]Mkinen H,Seo J W,N9jd P,Schmitt U,Jalkanen R.Seasonal dynamics of wood formation:a comparison between pinning,microcoring and dendrometer measurements.European Journal of Forest Research,2008,127(3):235-245.
[24]张军周,勾晓华,赵志千,刘文火,张芬,曹宗英,周非飞.树轮生态学研究中微树芯石蜡切片制作的方法探讨.植物生态学报,2013,37(10):972-977.
[25]Downes G,Beadle C,Worledge D.Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E.nitens in relation to climate.Trees,1999,14(2):102-111.
[26]Tardif J,Flannigan M,Bergeron Y.An analysis of the daily radial activity of 7 boreal tree species,Northwestern Quebec.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2001,67(1/2):141-160.
[27]Bouriaud O,Leban J M,Bert D,Deleuze C.Intra-annual variations in climate influence growth and wood density of Norway spruce.Tree Physiology,2005,25(6):651-660.
[28]Deslauriers A,Morin H,Urbinati C,Carrer M.Daily weather response of balsam fir(Abies balsamea(L.)Mill.)stem radius increment from dendrometer analysis in the boreal forests of Quebec(Canada).Trees,2003,17(6):477-484.
[29]Camarero J J,Guerrero-Campo J,Gutiérrez E.Tree-ring growth and structure of pinus uncinata and pinus sylvestris in the central spanish pyrenees.Arctic and Alpine Research,1998,30(1):1-10.
[30]Turcotte A,Morin H,Krause C,Deslauriers A,Thibeault-Martel M.The timing of spring rehydration and its relation with the onset of wood formation in black spruce.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149(9):1403-1409.
[31]Steppe K,De Pauw D J W,Lemeur R,Vanrolleghem P A.A mathematical model linking tree sap flow dynamics to daily stem diameter fluctuations and radial stem growth.Tree Physiology,2006,26(3):257-273.
[32]Kozlowski T T,Pallardy S G.Growth control in woody plants.New York:Academic Press,1997.
[33]Tian Q Y,He Z B,Xiao S C,Peng X M,Ding A J,Lin P F.Response of stem radial growth of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)to environmental factors in the Qilian Mountains of China.Dendrochronologia,2017,44:76-83.
[34]Urrutia-Jalabert R,Rossi S,Deslauriers A,Malhi Y,Lara A.Environmental correlates of stem radius change in the endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,200:209-221.
[35]Wimmer R,Downes G M,Evans R.High-resolution analysis of radial growth and wood density in Eucalyptus nitens,grown under different irrigation regimes.Annals of Forest Science,2002,59(5/6):519-524.
[36]He M H,Yang B,Wang Z Y,Bruning A,Pourtahmasi K,Oladi R.Climatic forcing of xylem formation in Qilian juniper on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Trees,2015,30(3):923-933.
[37]Biondi F,Hartsough P.Using automated point dendrometers to analyze tropical treeline stem growth at Nevado de Colima,Mexico.Sensors,2010,10(6):5827-5844.
[38]Fang K Y,Gou X H,Chen F H,Yang M X,Li J B,He M S,Zhang Y,Tian Q H,Peng J F.Drought variations in the eastern part of northwest China over the past two centuries:evidence from tree rings.Climate Research,2009,38(2):129-135.
[39]Fang K Y,Gou X H,Chen F H,Li Y J,Zhang F,Kazmer M.Tree growth and its association with climate between individual tree-ring series at three mountain ranges in north central China.Dendrochronologia,2012,30(2):113-119.
[40]Zhang R B,Yuan Y J,Gou X H,Zhang T W,Zou C,Ji C R,Fan Z A,Qin L,Shang H M,Li X J.Intra-annual radial growth of Schrenk spruce(Picea schrenkiana Fisch.et Mey)and its response to climate on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains.Dendrochronologia,2016,40:36-42.
[41]刘文火.中国西北地区中、东部近400年来降水的时空变化及其驱动机制研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[2]Sun J Y,Liu Y.Tree ring based precipitation reconstruction in the south slope of the middle Qilian Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,over the last millennium.Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(D8):D08108.
[3]Liang E Y,Liu X H,Yuan Y J,Qin N S,Fang X Q,Huang L,Zhu H F,Wang L L,Shao X M.The 1920s drought recorded by tree rings and historical documents in the semi-arid and arid areas of northern China.Climatic Change,2006,79(3/4):403-432.
[4]高琳琳,勾晓华,邓洋,杨梅学,霍玉侠,陈秋艳.西北干旱区树轮气候学研究进展.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(4):25-35.
[5]邵雪梅,梁尔源,黄磊,王丽丽.柴达木盆地东北部过去1437 a的降水变化重建.气候变化研究进展,2006,2(3):122-126.
[6]方克艳,勾晓华,陈发虎,彭剑峰,刘普幸,王茂,朱有明.树轮生态学研究进展.冰川冻土,2008,30(5):825-834.
[7]Liang E Y,Shao X M,Liu X H.Annual precipitation variation inferred from tree rings since A.D.1770 for the Western Qilian Mts.,Northern Tibetan Plateau.Tree-Ring Research,2009,65(2):95-103.
[8]Gou X H,Gao L L,Deng Y,Chen F H,Yang M X,Still C.An 850-year tree-ring-based reconstruction of drought history in the western Qilian Mountains of northwestern China.International Journal of Climatology,2015,35(11):3308-3319.
[9]Archambault S,Bergeron Y.An 802-year tree-ring chronology from the Quebec boreal forest.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1992,22(5):674-682.
[10]Hofgaard A,Tardif J,Bergeron Y.Dendroclimatic response of Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana along a latitudinal gradient in the eastern Canadian boreal forest.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1999,29(9)1333-1346.
[11]Duchesne L,Houle D,D'Orangeville L.Influence of climate on seasonal patterns of stem increment of balsam fir in a boreal forest of Québec,Canada.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2012,162-163:108-114.
[12]Deslauriers A,Rossi S,Anfodillo T.Dendrometer and intra-annual tree growth:What kind of information can be inferred?Dendrochronologia,2007,25(2):113-124.
[13]Zhang J Z,Gou X H,Zhang Y X,Lu M,Xu X Y,Zhang F,Liu W H,Gao L L.Forward modeling analyses of Qilian Juniper(Sabina przewalskii)growth in response to climate factors in different regions of the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China.Trees,2015,30(1):175-188.
[14]Gou X H,Zhou F F,Zhang Y X,Chen Q Y,Zhang J Z.Forward modeling analysis of regional scale tree-ring patterns around the northeastern Tibetan Plateau,Northwest China.Biogeosciences Discussions,2013,10(6):9969-9988.
[15]路明,勾晓华,张军周,张芬,满自红.祁连山东部祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)径向生长动态及其对环境因子的响应.第四纪研究,2015,35(5):1201-1208.
[16]Wang Z Y,Yang B,Deslauriers A,Bruning A.Intra-annual stem radial increment response of Qilian juniper to temperature and precipitation along an altitudinal gradient in northwestern China.Trees,2015,29(1):25-34.
[17]Wang Z Y,Yang B,Deslauriers A,Qin C,He M H,Shi F,Liu J J.Two phases of seasonal stem radius variations of Sabina przewalskii Kom.in northwestern China inferred from sub-diurnal shrinkage and expansion patterns.Trees,2012,26(6):1747-1757.
[18]Irvine J,Grace J.Continuous measurements of water tensions in the xylem of trees based on the elastic properties of wood.Planta,1997,202(4):455-461.
[19]Mkinen H,N9jd P,SaranpP,Seasonal changes in stem radius and production of new tracheids in Norway spruce.Tree Physiology,2003,23(14):959-968.
[20]K9cher P,Horna V,Leuschner C.Environmental control of daily stem growth patterns in five temperate broad-leaved tree species.Tree Physiology,2012,32(8):1021-1032.
[21]Li X X,Liang E Y,Gricˇar J,Prislan P,Rossi S,Cˇufar K.Age dependence of xylogenesis and its climatic sensitivity in Smith fir on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.Tree Physiology,2013,33(1):48-56.
[22]Li X X,Liang E Y,Gricˇar J,Rossi S,Cˇufar K,Ellison A M.Critical minimum temperature limits xylogenesis and maintains treelines on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.Science Bulletin,2017,62(11):804-812.
[23]Mkinen H,Seo J W,N9jd P,Schmitt U,Jalkanen R.Seasonal dynamics of wood formation:a comparison between pinning,microcoring and dendrometer measurements.European Journal of Forest Research,2008,127(3):235-245.
[24]张军周,勾晓华,赵志千,刘文火,张芬,曹宗英,周非飞.树轮生态学研究中微树芯石蜡切片制作的方法探讨.植物生态学报,2013,37(10):972-977.
[25]Downes G,Beadle C,Worledge D.Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E.nitens in relation to climate.Trees,1999,14(2):102-111.
[26]Tardif J,Flannigan M,Bergeron Y.An analysis of the daily radial activity of 7 boreal tree species,Northwestern Quebec.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2001,67(1/2):141-160.
[27]Bouriaud O,Leban J M,Bert D,Deleuze C.Intra-annual variations in climate influence growth and wood density of Norway spruce.Tree Physiology,2005,25(6):651-660.
[28]Deslauriers A,Morin H,Urbinati C,Carrer M.Daily weather response of balsam fir(Abies balsamea(L.)Mill.)stem radius increment from dendrometer analysis in the boreal forests of Quebec(Canada).Trees,2003,17(6):477-484.
[29]Camarero J J,Guerrero-Campo J,Gutiérrez E.Tree-ring growth and structure of pinus uncinata and pinus sylvestris in the central spanish pyrenees.Arctic and Alpine Research,1998,30(1):1-10.
[30]Turcotte A,Morin H,Krause C,Deslauriers A,Thibeault-Martel M.The timing of spring rehydration and its relation with the onset of wood formation in black spruce.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149(9):1403-1409.
[31]Steppe K,De Pauw D J W,Lemeur R,Vanrolleghem P A.A mathematical model linking tree sap flow dynamics to daily stem diameter fluctuations and radial stem growth.Tree Physiology,2006,26(3):257-273.
[32]Kozlowski T T,Pallardy S G.Growth control in woody plants.New York:Academic Press,1997.
[33]Tian Q Y,He Z B,Xiao S C,Peng X M,Ding A J,Lin P F.Response of stem radial growth of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)to environmental factors in the Qilian Mountains of China.Dendrochronologia,2017,44:76-83.
[34]Urrutia-Jalabert R,Rossi S,Deslauriers A,Malhi Y,Lara A.Environmental correlates of stem radius change in the endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern Chile.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,200:209-221.
[35]Wimmer R,Downes G M,Evans R.High-resolution analysis of radial growth and wood density in Eucalyptus nitens,grown under different irrigation regimes.Annals of Forest Science,2002,59(5/6):519-524.
[36]He M H,Yang B,Wang Z Y,Bruning A,Pourtahmasi K,Oladi R.Climatic forcing of xylem formation in Qilian juniper on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Trees,2015,30(3):923-933.
[37]Biondi F,Hartsough P.Using automated point dendrometers to analyze tropical treeline stem growth at Nevado de Colima,Mexico.Sensors,2010,10(6):5827-5844.
[38]Fang K Y,Gou X H,Chen F H,Yang M X,Li J B,He M S,Zhang Y,Tian Q H,Peng J F.Drought variations in the eastern part of northwest China over the past two centuries:evidence from tree rings.Climate Research,2009,38(2):129-135.
[39]Fang K Y,Gou X H,Chen F H,Li Y J,Zhang F,Kazmer M.Tree growth and its association with climate between individual tree-ring series at three mountain ranges in north central China.Dendrochronologia,2012,30(2):113-119.
[40]Zhang R B,Yuan Y J,Gou X H,Zhang T W,Zou C,Ji C R,Fan Z A,Qin L,Shang H M,Li X J.Intra-annual radial growth of Schrenk spruce(Picea schrenkiana Fisch.et Mey)and its response to climate on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains.Dendrochronologia,2016,40:36-42.
[41]刘文火.中国西北地区中、东部近400年来降水的时空变化及其驱动机制研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.