中国农业资源环境透视——问题与建议
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摘要
农业资源环境是保障食物供给的物质基础。改革开放以来,随着土地承包制和市场经济的发展,中国农业生产快速增长,农产品生产规模和产品多样化达到前所未有的水平。然而高投入、高消耗、高污染的农业生产使中国付出了巨大的资源环境代价。本文从区域尺度分析了4种颇为突出的区域农业资源环境问题:1)东北地区旱田改水田规模的持续扩大加剧了区域水资源压力并产生了负面生态影响;2)华北平原农业生产中水资源和化肥等大量投入导致地下水位下降和水环境污染等资源环境问题;3)在工业化和城镇化快速发展进程中,南方土壤酸化和重金属污染问题突出并对食品安全产生影响;4)西北干旱半干旱地区生态屏障维护与粮食生产之间的关系协调问题。最后提出了农业资源环境可持续利用的建议,即加强区域农业资源优化配置和高效利用、系统推进农业环境污染治理与生态修复、强化全球农业资源利用战略。
The agricultural resource and environment is the material basis to guarantee food supply.Since the reform and opening up,China's agricultural production has increased rapidly with the development of land contract system and market economy.Agricultural production scale and product diversification have reached unprecedented levels.However,the rapid development of agricultural production has paid a great resource and environmental cost.This paper mainly analyzes the agricultural resource and environment problems at a regional scale.Firstly,due to the area increase of the dry land turning into paddy field in the northeast China,the water irrigation has caused the water table to decrease continuously as well as the negative ecological impact.Secondly,because of large amount of input such as water resources and fertilizer in the agricultural production of the north China plain the groundwater level declines and water environment pollution occurrs.Thirdly,in the context of the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization,the soil acidification and heavy metal pollution in the south China are prominent in recent years,which has impacted food safety.Fourthly,the relationship between ecological barrier maintenance and grain production in arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is discussed.Finally,some suggestions are put forward to strengthen the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources and environment.
The agricultural resource and environment is the material basis to guarantee food supply.Since the reform and opening up,China's agricultural production has increased rapidly with the development of land contract system and market economy.Agricultural production scale and product diversification have reached unprecedented levels.However,the rapid development of agricultural production has paid a great resource and environmental cost.This paper mainly analyzes the agricultural resource and environment problems at a regional scale.Firstly,due to the area increase of the dry land turning into paddy field in the northeast China,the water irrigation has caused the water table to decrease continuously as well as the negative ecological impact.Secondly,because of large amount of input such as water resources and fertilizer in the agricultural production of the north China plain the groundwater level declines and water environment pollution occurrs.Thirdly,in the context of the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization,the soil acidification and heavy metal pollution in the south China are prominent in recent years,which has impacted food safety.Fourthly,the relationship between ecological barrier maintenance and grain production in arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is discussed.Finally,some suggestions are put forward to strengthen the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources and environment.
引文
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[8]姜秋香,付强,王子龙,等.三江平原水土资源空间匹配格局[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(2):270-277.Jiang Qiuxiang,Fu Qiang,Wang Zilong,et al.Spatial matchingpatterns of landand water resources in Sanjiang Plain[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(2):270-277.
[9]章光新.东北粮食主产区水安全与湿地生态安全保障的对策[J].中国水利,2012(15):9-11.Zhang Guangxin.Measures for securing water safety of maingrain production base and wetland ecological safety in Northeast China[J].China Water Resouces,2012(15):9-11.
[10]高广志,孙英威.昔日为增收纷纷“旱改水”今朝水失衡无奈重改旱[EB/OL].(2003-06-23)[2018-01-02].http://www.mwr.gov.cn/xw/slyw/201702/t20170212_827916.html.Gao Guangzhi,Sun Yingwei.In the past,in order to increaseincome,the"drought-to-water"water balance has becomemore reckless[EB/OL].(2003-06-23)[2018-01-02].http://www.mwr.gov.cn/xw/slyw/201702/t20170212_827916.html.
[11]周冉.华北地区主要作物施肥的资源环境影响评价[D].保定:河北农业大学,2012.Zhou Ran.Life cycle environmental impacts of fertilizationin wheat,maize and vegetables production in North ChinaPlain[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2012.
[12]费宇红,张兆吉,张凤娥,等.气候变化和人类活动对华北平原水资源影响分析[J].地球学报,2007,28(6):567-571.Fei Yuhong,Zhang Zhaoji,Zhang Feng'e,et al.An analysisof the influence of human activity and climate change onwater resources of the North China Plain[J].Aata Geoscientica Sinica,2007,28(6):567-571.
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