基于修正SWAT模型的岩溶地区非点源污染模拟初探——以横港河流域为例
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摘要
岩溶流域含水系统的主要特征之一是连通地表的落水洞等垂直管道将近水平的地下暗河联系起来,降水及其形成的地表径流可以通过这些管道迅速地灌入地下河系,从而改变了水及其所携带的非点源污染物质在垂直与水平方向的传输速度与数量,使岩溶流域内地表-地下之间的物质交换与传输过程变得比较复杂;应用广泛的SWAT模型在模拟岩溶地区的水文、水质时会存在一些不足与局限.为此,本文针对岩溶水系统特征,引入落水洞、伏流、暗河的水文过程以及主要营养盐的输移过程,修正SWAT模型原有的水文循环过程及相关算法,改变其只适用于松散均匀介质流域非点源污染模拟的单一特征,并研究建立适合于岩溶流域的非点源污染模型和相应的模拟方法.选取横港河流域岩溶地区作为非点源污染的对象,应用修正后的模型通过控制性的模拟方法和敏感性性分析,定量评估落水洞、伏流、暗河等岩溶特征对氮、磷等主要非点源污染物质输移的影响及其带来的时空效应,并进一步探讨落水洞、伏流、暗河等对地表-地下水文与营养盐的交互作用及转换机理.结果表明,岩溶特征对流域的氮、磷负荷有增加作用,其中总磷的增加明显大于总氮的增加,总磷和总氮的增量分别为0.86%和2.12%;植被岩溶指数的增加会导致流域可溶性磷、有机磷的产出量增加,有机氮、地表产流中硝酸氮和沉积磷的产出量则居其次,落水洞改变了降雨的产流方式,增加了落水洞所在流域的有机磷和有机氮的产出,其增量变化在0~0.7和0~0.3 kg/hm~2之间.
One of the main characteristics of water-bearing system in karst area is that the pipelines of sinkholes of the developing soluble rock are connected with the underground water network. The precipitation and its surface runoff can be quickly poured into the underground river system through the pipelines,the underground complex hydrology changed the aquifer's transmission mode and the transmission speed and quantity of the non-point source pollutants in the vertical and horizontal directions selected. The karst area in the Poyang Lake Watershed is selected as the object of non-point source pollution. This study examined the characteristics of karst water system,the hydrological process of introduce holes,underground river,and the main nutrient transfer process.The original hydrological cycle of SWAT,the related algorithms,the single feature of the non-point source pollution simulation in the loose homogeneous medium basin was modified. This study established the non-point source pollution model suitable for karst watershed and the corresponding simulation method. This modified model,through a controlled simulation method and a sensitivity analysis,is used to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the karst characteristics of water,including sinkholes,underground stream and river on nitrogen and phosphorus and other major non-point source of pollutant transport and its correspondent time and space effect. Furthermore,the interaction and conversion mechanism of sinkholes,underground stream,river with the surface-underground hydrology and nutrient salt was analyzed. The results showed that the karst characteristics had an increasing effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus load in the watershed. The increase of total phosphorus was significantly greater than the increase of total nitrogen,and the increase of total phosphorus and total nitrogen was 0.86% and 2.12%,respectively. The increase of vegetation karst index can cause the increase of the output of soluble phosphorus and organic phosphorus in the watershed,followed by the output of organic nitrogen and nitrate and nitrogen. The sinkholes changed the way of rainfall and increased the production of organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen,with the incremental change in the range of 0-0.7 kg/ha and 0-0.3 kg/ha,respectively.
One of the main characteristics of water-bearing system in karst area is that the pipelines of sinkholes of the developing soluble rock are connected with the underground water network. The precipitation and its surface runoff can be quickly poured into the underground river system through the pipelines,the underground complex hydrology changed the aquifer's transmission mode and the transmission speed and quantity of the non-point source pollutants in the vertical and horizontal directions selected. The karst area in the Poyang Lake Watershed is selected as the object of non-point source pollution. This study examined the characteristics of karst water system,the hydrological process of introduce holes,underground river,and the main nutrient transfer process.The original hydrological cycle of SWAT,the related algorithms,the single feature of the non-point source pollution simulation in the loose homogeneous medium basin was modified. This study established the non-point source pollution model suitable for karst watershed and the corresponding simulation method. This modified model,through a controlled simulation method and a sensitivity analysis,is used to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the karst characteristics of water,including sinkholes,underground stream and river on nitrogen and phosphorus and other major non-point source of pollutant transport and its correspondent time and space effect. Furthermore,the interaction and conversion mechanism of sinkholes,underground stream,river with the surface-underground hydrology and nutrient salt was analyzed. The results showed that the karst characteristics had an increasing effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus load in the watershed. The increase of total phosphorus was significantly greater than the increase of total nitrogen,and the increase of total phosphorus and total nitrogen was 0.86% and 2.12%,respectively. The increase of vegetation karst index can cause the increase of the output of soluble phosphorus and organic phosphorus in the watershed,followed by the output of organic nitrogen and nitrate and nitrogen. The sinkholes changed the way of rainfall and increased the production of organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen,with the incremental change in the range of 0-0.7 kg/ha and 0-0.3 kg/ha,respectively.
引文
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[10]MalagòA,Efstathiou D,Bouraoui F et al.Regional scale hydrologic modeling of a karst-dominant geomorphology:The case study of the Island of Crete.Journal of Hydrology,2016,540:64-81.
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[13]Zhen J,Li GY,Han ZZ et al.Application of modified SWAT model in plain irrigation district.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(1):88-97.[郑捷,李光永,韩振中等.改进的SWAT模型在平原灌区的应用.水利学报,2011,42(1):88-97.]
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[16]Pei JG,Liang MZ,Chen Z.Ground water system division and its main characteristic value statistics in the karst rock mountainous areas in southwest.China Karst,2008,27(1):6-10.[裴建国,梁茂珍,陈阵.西南岩溶石山地区岩溶地下水系统划分及其主要特征值统计.中国岩溶,2008,27(1):6-10.]
[17]Wang XZ,Gan CY,Liang ZX et al.The study of the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage at Lianjiang River basin in the north of Guangdong Karst mountain area.China Karst,2010,29(4):425-433.[王兮之,甘春英,梁钊雄等.粤北岩溶山区连江流域植被覆盖度动态变化研究.中国岩溶,2010,29(4):425-433.]
[18]Chen JN.Land use/cover type of karst surface in change river basin and impacts on CN value[Dissertation].Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2014.[陈静妮.长河流域岩溶地表土地利用/覆盖类型与构成及其对CN值的影响[学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学,2014.]
[19]Xiao B,Wang QH,Fan J et al.Application of the SCS-CN model to runoff estimation in a small watershed with high spatial heterogeneity.Pedosphere,2011,21(6):738-749.
[20]Wang YJ,Lv HJ,Jiang T.Sub basin division and DEM resolution to the influence of SWAT runoff simulation research.Hydrological,2008,28(3):22-25.[王艳君,吕宏军,姜彤.子流域划分和DEM分辨率对SWAT径流模拟的影响研究.水文,2008,28(3):22-25.]
[21]Liu W.Based on DEM and remote sensing images extraction of linear deriving groundwater flow in Karst Basin[Dissertation].Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2016.[刘维.基于DEM和遥感影像提取的线性体推求岩溶流域地下水流向的研究[学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学,2016.]
[22]Wei HB,Zhang ZP,Yang JP.The method of establish soil database of SWAT model.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2007,38(6):15-18.[魏怀斌,张占庞,杨金鹏.SWAT模型土壤数据库建立方法.水利水电技术,2007,38(6):15-18.]
[23]Zhu QC,Fan HD.The conversion of classification standard for soil particle composition.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1999,30(2):53-54.[朱秋潮,范浩定.土壤颗粒组成分级标准的换算.土壤通报,1999,30(2):53-54.]
[24]Qin FL.SWAT-Based simulation on non-point source pollution in the north watershed of Miyun Reservoir[Dissertation].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2006.[秦福来.基于SWAT模型的非点源污染模拟研究---以密云水库北部流域为例[学位论文].北京:首都师范大学,2006.]
[25]SWAT-CUP4:SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs-A User Manual.Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology,2009.
[26]Moriasi DN,Arnold JG,Vanliew MW et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations.Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[27]Yang YH,Yan BX.The transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in rainfall-soil-runoff system.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):27-30.[杨育红,阎百兴.降雨-土壤-径流系统中氮磷的迁移.水土保持学报,2010,24(5):27-30.]
[28]Hu N,Yuan H,Lan JC et al.Factors influencing the distribution of inorganic phosphorus fraction in different vegetation restoration areas in Karst rocky desertification area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7393-7402.[胡宁,袁红,蓝家程等.岩溶石漠化区不同植被恢复模式土壤无机磷形态特征及影响因素.生态学报,2014,34(24):7393-7402.]
[29]Kang ZQ,Xiong ZB,Li QY et al.The precipitation effect for water cycle way in Karst underground river basin.Earth and Environment,2011,39(1):26-36.[康志强,熊志斌,李清艳等.岩溶地下河流域水循环方式的降水效应.地球与环境,2011,39(1):26-36.]
[30]Wang SF.The research progress precipitation recharge Karst Aquifer System.Hydrology,2014,34(6):1-8.[王树芳.岩溶含水系统降水入渗补给研究进展.水文,2014,34(6):1-8.]
[2]Keith ES,Matthew H.Tile drainage as karst:Conduit flow and diffuse flow in a tile-drained watershed.Journal of Hydrology,2008,349(3/4):291-301.
[3]Lai GY,Qiu L,Zhang ZY et al.Modification and efficiency of SWAT Model based on Multi-plant Growth Model.J Lake Sci,2018,30(2):472-487.DOI:10.18307/2018.0219.[赖格英,仇霖,张智勇等.基于多植物生长模式的SWAT模型的修正与有效性分析.湖泊科学,2018,30(2):472-487.]
[4]Hao FH,Cheng HG,Yang ST eds.Non-point source pollution model-Theoretical methods and applications.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006.[郝芳华,程红光,杨胜天.非点源污染模型---理论方法与应用.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.]
[5]Gassman PW,Reyes MR,Green CH et al.The soil and water assessment tool:Historical development,applications,and future research directions.Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(4):1211-1250.
[6]Scanlona BR,Robert EM,Michael EB et al.Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models?Case study,barton spring edwards aquifer,USA.Journal of Hydrology,2003,276:137-158.
[7]Xue XW,Chen X,Zhang ZC et al.The effect of karst fissures for the saturated flow of the slope collects.Water Resources and Power,2009,27(6):20-23.[薛显武,陈喜,张志才等.岩溶裂隙对坡面饱和水流汇集的影响研究.水电能源科学,2009,27(6):20-23.]
[8]Amatya D,Manoj J,Amy E eds.Application of swat model on chapel branch creek watershed with a karst topography.The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2011.
[9]Fernandeza GP,Chescheira GM,Skaggsa RW et al.DRAINMOD-GIS:A lumped parameter watershed scale drainage and water quality model.Agricultural Water Management,2005,81(2):77-97.
[10]MalagòA,Efstathiou D,Bouraoui F et al.Regional scale hydrologic modeling of a karst-dominant geomorphology:The case study of the Island of Crete.Journal of Hydrology,2016,540:64-81.
[11]Amatya D,Manoj J,Amy E eds.Application of swat model on chapel branch creek watershed with a karst topography.The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2011.
[12]Ren QW.Water quantity evaluation methodology based on modified SWAT hydrological modeling in southwest karst area[Dissertation].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2006.[任启伟.基于改进SWAT模型的西南岩溶流域水量评价方法研究[学位论文].北京:中国地质大学,2006.]
[13]Zhen J,Li GY,Han ZZ et al.Application of modified SWAT model in plain irrigation district.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(1):88-97.[郑捷,李光永,韩振中等.改进的SWAT模型在平原灌区的应用.水利学报,2011,42(1):88-97.]
[14]Meng HH,Wang LC.The progress of hydrological models in karst basin.Progress in Geography,2010,29(11):1311-1318.[蒙海花,王腊春.岩溶流域水文模型研究进展.地理科学进展,2010,29(11):1311-1318.]
[15]Liu W,Lai GY,Peng XJ et al.Information extraction of karst in karst watershed based on vegetation-karst proportion index.Jiangxi Science,2016,34(2):194-222.[刘维,赖格英,彭晓娟等.基于植被岩溶比重指数的岩溶流域岩溶信息提取.江西科学,2016,34(2):194-222.]
[16]Pei JG,Liang MZ,Chen Z.Ground water system division and its main characteristic value statistics in the karst rock mountainous areas in southwest.China Karst,2008,27(1):6-10.[裴建国,梁茂珍,陈阵.西南岩溶石山地区岩溶地下水系统划分及其主要特征值统计.中国岩溶,2008,27(1):6-10.]
[17]Wang XZ,Gan CY,Liang ZX et al.The study of the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage at Lianjiang River basin in the north of Guangdong Karst mountain area.China Karst,2010,29(4):425-433.[王兮之,甘春英,梁钊雄等.粤北岩溶山区连江流域植被覆盖度动态变化研究.中国岩溶,2010,29(4):425-433.]
[18]Chen JN.Land use/cover type of karst surface in change river basin and impacts on CN value[Dissertation].Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2014.[陈静妮.长河流域岩溶地表土地利用/覆盖类型与构成及其对CN值的影响[学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学,2014.]
[19]Xiao B,Wang QH,Fan J et al.Application of the SCS-CN model to runoff estimation in a small watershed with high spatial heterogeneity.Pedosphere,2011,21(6):738-749.
[20]Wang YJ,Lv HJ,Jiang T.Sub basin division and DEM resolution to the influence of SWAT runoff simulation research.Hydrological,2008,28(3):22-25.[王艳君,吕宏军,姜彤.子流域划分和DEM分辨率对SWAT径流模拟的影响研究.水文,2008,28(3):22-25.]
[21]Liu W.Based on DEM and remote sensing images extraction of linear deriving groundwater flow in Karst Basin[Dissertation].Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2016.[刘维.基于DEM和遥感影像提取的线性体推求岩溶流域地下水流向的研究[学位论文].南昌:江西师范大学,2016.]
[22]Wei HB,Zhang ZP,Yang JP.The method of establish soil database of SWAT model.Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2007,38(6):15-18.[魏怀斌,张占庞,杨金鹏.SWAT模型土壤数据库建立方法.水利水电技术,2007,38(6):15-18.]
[23]Zhu QC,Fan HD.The conversion of classification standard for soil particle composition.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1999,30(2):53-54.[朱秋潮,范浩定.土壤颗粒组成分级标准的换算.土壤通报,1999,30(2):53-54.]
[24]Qin FL.SWAT-Based simulation on non-point source pollution in the north watershed of Miyun Reservoir[Dissertation].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2006.[秦福来.基于SWAT模型的非点源污染模拟研究---以密云水库北部流域为例[学位论文].北京:首都师范大学,2006.]
[25]SWAT-CUP4:SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs-A User Manual.Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology,2009.
[26]Moriasi DN,Arnold JG,Vanliew MW et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations.Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[27]Yang YH,Yan BX.The transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in rainfall-soil-runoff system.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):27-30.[杨育红,阎百兴.降雨-土壤-径流系统中氮磷的迁移.水土保持学报,2010,24(5):27-30.]
[28]Hu N,Yuan H,Lan JC et al.Factors influencing the distribution of inorganic phosphorus fraction in different vegetation restoration areas in Karst rocky desertification area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7393-7402.[胡宁,袁红,蓝家程等.岩溶石漠化区不同植被恢复模式土壤无机磷形态特征及影响因素.生态学报,2014,34(24):7393-7402.]
[29]Kang ZQ,Xiong ZB,Li QY et al.The precipitation effect for water cycle way in Karst underground river basin.Earth and Environment,2011,39(1):26-36.[康志强,熊志斌,李清艳等.岩溶地下河流域水循环方式的降水效应.地球与环境,2011,39(1):26-36.]
[30]Wang SF.The research progress precipitation recharge Karst Aquifer System.Hydrology,2014,34(6):1-8.[王树芳.岩溶含水系统降水入渗补给研究进展.水文,2014,34(6):1-8.]