添加干饲草对湿玉米纤维饲料发酵品质的影响
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摘要
由于湿玉米纤维饲料(WCGF)含水量高存贮难,试验研究分别将WCGF与苜蓿干草和羊草进行混合贮存发酵试验,以期延长WCGF的贮存时间,为科学利用WCGF提供理论依据,同时避免因烘干使用而造成的营养物质损失和对空气污染。试验在一个塑料模型筒仓系统中进行(密封,体积:2 754 cm~3),共分为2部分,第一部分:WCGF单独贮存以及与羊草混合贮存,WCGF与羊草的混合比例设定为70:30,80:20和90:10,塑料模型筒仓存放密度为1 000 kg/m~3;第二部分:WCGF单独贮存以及与苜蓿混合贮存,WCGF与苜蓿干草的混合比例设定为70:30,80:20和90:10,塑料模型筒仓存放密度为1 100 kg/m~3。试验结果表明:WCGF单独贮存时发酵强度较低,不同比例混合苜蓿干草或羊草后pH值和氨态氮浓度升高(P<0.05)。WCGF与苜蓿干草混合比例为90:10以及与WCGF与羊草混合比例为70:30时均增加乙酸的含量,提高有氧稳定性(P<0.05)。因此,选用WCGF与苜蓿干草混合贮存适宜比例90:10,WCGF与羊草的适合混合比例为70:30。
As wet corn gluten feed(WCGF) has high moisture content, it is very hard for storage. Wetried to ensile WCGF with dry hay to extend the storage time of WCGF. As to provide theoretical basisfor scientific using this feed resources, while to avoid the nutrient loss and air pollution caused by dry-ing it. The WCGF was ensiled alone(the control), mixed with Chinese wildrye(10%, 20% and 30%)by the density of 1 000 kg/m~3 or with alfalfa(10%, 20% and 30%) by the density of 1 100 kg/m~3. Theresults showed that very low fermentation intensity, that high levels of lactic acid dominated the fer-mentation of WCGF ensiled alone, the p H values were increased during fermentation with Chinese wil-drye or with alfalfa at different ratios. Ammonia-nitrogen was in the highest level in WCGF ensiledalone, decreased as the Chinese wildrye additional level increased, and increased as the alfalfa ratio in-creased. Adding 30% Chinese wildrye or 10% alfalfa to WCGF silage had significantly increased ace-tic acid production, which could improve aerobic stability compared with the control. Therefore, it wasconcluded that: ensiling WCGF with 30% Chinese wildrye and 10% alfalfa could improve aerobic sta-bility.
As wet corn gluten feed(WCGF) has high moisture content, it is very hard for storage. Wetried to ensile WCGF with dry hay to extend the storage time of WCGF. As to provide theoretical basisfor scientific using this feed resources, while to avoid the nutrient loss and air pollution caused by dry-ing it. The WCGF was ensiled alone(the control), mixed with Chinese wildrye(10%, 20% and 30%)by the density of 1 000 kg/m~3 or with alfalfa(10%, 20% and 30%) by the density of 1 100 kg/m~3. Theresults showed that very low fermentation intensity, that high levels of lactic acid dominated the fer-mentation of WCGF ensiled alone, the p H values were increased during fermentation with Chinese wil-drye or with alfalfa at different ratios. Ammonia-nitrogen was in the highest level in WCGF ensiledalone, decreased as the Chinese wildrye additional level increased, and increased as the alfalfa ratio in-creased. Adding 30% Chinese wildrye or 10% alfalfa to WCGF silage had significantly increased ace-tic acid production, which could improve aerobic stability compared with the control. Therefore, it wasconcluded that: ensiling WCGF with 30% Chinese wildrye and 10% alfalfa could improve aerobic sta-bility.
引文
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[20]Walker P M,Forster L A.Case Study:The evaluation of a vacuum storage method for high moisture distillers grain and its effect as a protein and energy supplement for beef cows[J].The Professional Animal Scientist,2008,24(6):648-655.
[21]王成章,王恬.饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[22]Muck R E.Microbiology of ensiling[C]//Lisa Al-Amoodi[M].Silage science and tecnology.USA Madison:ASAI.CSSAI.SSSAI.,Publication,2003.
[23]Mckersie B D.Proteinases and peptidases of alfalfa herbage[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1981,61:53-59.
[24]Heron S J E,Edwards R A,et al.Changes in the nitrogen components of gamma irradiated and inoculated ryegrass[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1986,37:979-985.
[25]Orosz S,Kapás S.Long-term storage of wet corn gluten feed:effluent,optimal density,fermentation and aerobic stability[J].Forage Conservation,2010(3):173-175.
[26]Mills J,Grant R.University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension MP78-A,2002:10-13.
[27]Kalscheur K F,Garcia A D,Hippen A R,et al.Ensiling wet corn distillers grains alone or in combination with soyhulls[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(Suppl.1):234.
[28]Kleinschmit D H,Schmidt R J,Kung L Jr.The effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88:2130-2139.
[29]Kalscheur K,Garcia A,Hippen A R,et al.Fermentation characteristics of ensiling wet corn distillers grains in combination with corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(Suppl.1):211.
[2]Fieck A T,Lusby K S,Owensand F N,et al.Effects of corn glu ten feed on forage intake,digestibility and ruminal parameters o cattle fed native grass hay[J].Journal of Animal Science,1988,66750.
[3]Belyea R L,Steevens B J,Restrepo R J,et al.Variation in compo sition of by-product feeds[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1989,722339-2345.
[4]Herold D,Klemesrud M,Klopfenstein T J,et al.Solvent-extract ed germ meal,corn bran and steep liquor blends for finishin steers[J].Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports,1998:337.
[5]Sindt J J,Drouillard J S,Thippareddi H,et al.Evaluation of fin ishing performance,carcass characteristics,acid-resistant E.col and total coliforms from steers fed combinations of wet corn glu ten feed and steam-flaked corn[J].Journal of Animal Science2002,80:3328-3335.
[6]Firkins J L.Effects of feeding non-forage fiber sources on site o fiber digestion[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1997,80:1426-1437.
[7]Boddugari K,Grant R J,Stock R,et al.Maximal replacement o forage and concentrate with a new wet corn milling product fo lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84:873-884.
[8]Christensen D L,Rolfe K M,Klopfenstein T J,et al.Evaluation o storage of covers when wet distillers byproducts are mixed and stored with forages[C].USA:Nebraska Beef Reports MP,2010,9321.
[9]Doyle E M.Microbial food spoilage-losses and control strategie[C].European Union:Food Research Institute.University of Wis consin-Madison.Assessment of fish and fish products[J].Weekl Report,2007,17:13-14.
[10]Burkepile D E,Parker J D,Woodson C B,et al.Chemically me diated competition between microbes and animals:microbes a consumers in food webs[J].Ecology,2006,87:2821-2831.
[11]Sherratt T N,Wilkinson D M,Bain R S.Why fruits rot,seed mold,and meat spoils:a reappraisal[J].Ecological Modeling2006,192:618-626.
[12]Droppo T E,Macleod G K,Grieve D G.Composition and storag characteristics of wet corn gluten feed[J].Canadian Journal o Animal Science,1985,65:265.
[13]Staples C R,Davis C L,Mc Coy G C,et al.Feeding value of we corn gluten feed for lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Sci ence,1984,67(6):1214-1220.
[14]Nelson A,Baskett J,Vincent K,et al.Handling and storage o high moisture co-products from ethanol production in beef opera tions[C].USA:Agricultural and Bio-systems Department.Iow State University,2009.
[15]Strohbehn D,Loy D D,Morrical D,et al.Modified distillers grain with solubles stored for an extended period in a silo ba used to develop breeding heifers[C].USA:Iowa State Universit Report.A.S.Leaflet R2288.2008a.
[16]Erickson G E,Klopfenstein T J,Rasby R J,et al.Storage of wet corn co-products[J].Faculty Papers and Publications in Animal Science,2008:506.
[17]Schingoethe D J.Utilization of DDGS by cattle[C].Canada:27th Western Nutrition Conference,2006:61-74.
[18]Drackley J K,Hutjens M F,Ipharraguerre I,et al.Efficacy of a preservative product(Zenipro)for wet distiller's grains[C].Illinois:Final Report to Kemin Americas,Inc.University of Illinois,2004.
[19]Kung Jr L.Managing high moisture co-product feeds for improved aerobic stability[C].Newark:Processing of the Four State Dairy Conference,2005:229-232.
[20]Walker P M,Forster L A.Case Study:The evaluation of a vacuum storage method for high moisture distillers grain and its effect as a protein and energy supplement for beef cows[J].The Professional Animal Scientist,2008,24(6):648-655.
[21]王成章,王恬.饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[22]Muck R E.Microbiology of ensiling[C]//Lisa Al-Amoodi[M].Silage science and tecnology.USA Madison:ASAI.CSSAI.SSSAI.,Publication,2003.
[23]Mckersie B D.Proteinases and peptidases of alfalfa herbage[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1981,61:53-59.
[24]Heron S J E,Edwards R A,et al.Changes in the nitrogen components of gamma irradiated and inoculated ryegrass[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1986,37:979-985.
[25]Orosz S,Kapás S.Long-term storage of wet corn gluten feed:effluent,optimal density,fermentation and aerobic stability[J].Forage Conservation,2010(3):173-175.
[26]Mills J,Grant R.University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension MP78-A,2002:10-13.
[27]Kalscheur K F,Garcia A D,Hippen A R,et al.Ensiling wet corn distillers grains alone or in combination with soyhulls[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(Suppl.1):234.
[28]Kleinschmit D H,Schmidt R J,Kung L Jr.The effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88:2130-2139.
[29]Kalscheur K,Garcia A,Hippen A R,et al.Fermentation characteristics of ensiling wet corn distillers grains in combination with corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(Suppl.1):211.