“小说”及其亚文类名称的英译探究
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摘要
"小说"及其亚文类名称的英译是一个复杂的问题,误译的现象在期刊和辞书中都并不鲜见。英语中的fiction与novel的含义并不相同,二者与汉语中的"小说"概念也均不一致,需根据情况来选择准确的译词。作为泛指,"小说"应当译作fiction,而不是novel,因为novel指的是长篇小说。在小说亚文类的划分上,英语文学界和中国文学界皆尚存在不同的意见。就当今汉语小说的实际情况而言,应当划分为四种亚文类:长篇小说、中篇小说、短篇小说和微篇小说。其中最后一种亚文类的命名歧出纷纭,而以"小小说"和"微型小说"最为通行,但最合理的命名则是"微篇小说"。"中篇小说"和"微篇小说"各自具有多种译名,而其合理性各有差别,经过辨析,可以甄选出最合适的英语词来作为译名。
English translation of the names of "xiaoshuo" and its sub-genres is complex, and the phenomena of mistranslation are not uncommon in periodicals and dictionaries. "Fiction" and "novel" are not synonymous in English, and neither word is equivalent to "xiaoshuo" in Chinese, therefore, we need to choose the right word according to the context. There are different opinions on the classification of "xiaoshuo" in English and in Chinese literature. In terms of contemporary Chinese "xiaoshuo", it should be divided into four sub-genres: "changpianxiaoshuo", "zhongpianxiaoshuo", "duanpianxiaoshuo", "weixingxiaoshuo" or "xiaoxiaoshuo". The names of the fourth sub-genre("weixingxiaoshuo" or "xiaoxiaoshuo") are diverse and confused, while the two most prevalent names are "xiaoxiaoshuo" and "weixingxiaoshuo". We think the best name should be "weipianxiaoshuo". Moreover, both "zhongpianxiaoshuo" and "weipianxiaoshuo" have various English translations, which differ in rationality. We can select the precise English expression for each of them on the basis of analysis.
English translation of the names of "xiaoshuo" and its sub-genres is complex, and the phenomena of mistranslation are not uncommon in periodicals and dictionaries. "Fiction" and "novel" are not synonymous in English, and neither word is equivalent to "xiaoshuo" in Chinese, therefore, we need to choose the right word according to the context. There are different opinions on the classification of "xiaoshuo" in English and in Chinese literature. In terms of contemporary Chinese "xiaoshuo", it should be divided into four sub-genres: "changpianxiaoshuo", "zhongpianxiaoshuo", "duanpianxiaoshuo", "weixingxiaoshuo" or "xiaoxiaoshuo". The names of the fourth sub-genre("weixingxiaoshuo" or "xiaoxiaoshuo") are diverse and confused, while the two most prevalent names are "xiaoxiaoshuo" and "weixingxiaoshuo". We think the best name should be "weipianxiaoshuo". Moreover, both "zhongpianxiaoshuo" and "weipianxiaoshuo" have various English translations, which differ in rationality. We can select the precise English expression for each of them on the basis of analysis.
引文
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[2] 谢宇.英汉·汉英文学词汇手册[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2014.
[3] 牛津大学出版社.新牛津英汉双解大词典[M].2版.上海外语教育出版社,编译.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2013.
[4] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典[M].7版.北京:商务印书馆,2016.
[5] 《中国大百科全书》总编委会.中国大百科全书:24[M].2版.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2009.
[6] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Sergeyevich-Pushkin.
[7] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Onegin.
[8] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel.
[9] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.britannica.com/art/novel.
[10] [美]艾布拉姆斯,哈珀姆.文学术语词典(第10版)(中英对照)[M]. 吴松江,路雁,等编译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014.
[11] [英]莉.牛津英语同义词学习词典:英汉双解版[M].孟庆升,等译.北京:商务印书馆,2014.
[12] 麦克米伦出版公司.麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典[M].杨信彰,等译. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
[13] 英国培生教育出版亚洲有限公司.朗文当代高级英语词典:英英·英汉双解[M].5版.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2014.
[14] 关桂云.文学术语[M].Rogers J,校.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2017.
[15] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction.
[16] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.britannica.com/art/fiction-literature.
[17] 李行健. 现代汉语规范词典[M].3版.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,语文出版社,2014.
[18] 夏征农,陈至立.辞海[M].6版缩印本.上海:上海辞书出版社,2010.
[19] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-ette.
[20] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/novelette.
[21] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/novella.
[22] 王晓冬.中国现代中篇小说研究[M].北京:中华书局,2012.
[23] 郑振铎.郑振铎古典文学论文集[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1984.
[24] [DB/OL].[2017-12-25].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/novel.
[25] 吕玉华.中国古代小说理论发展研究[M].济南:山东教育出版社,2015.
[26] 张丽华.现代中国“短篇小说”的兴起:以文类形构为视角[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[27] 张春.小小说名称论——一个角度观照近百年小小说发生与发展[J].短篇小说:原创版,2012(16):5-6.
[28] 刁丽英.当代微型小说文体的界定与论争[J].浙江工商职业技术学院学报,2011,10(4):8-12.
[29] 姚朝文.微篇小说的命名及其艺术特质[J].佛山科学技术学院学报:社会科学版,1998(1):92-96.