不同氮处理对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜产量和品质的影响
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摘要
【目的】针对我国设施农业肥料利用效率偏低的现状,采用滴灌施肥技术,以甜瓜为试验材料,研究不同施氮量和施氮频率对甜瓜氮磷钾吸收量、产量和品质的影响,在保证甜瓜产量的前提条件下,减少化肥的施用量,达到提高肥料利用效率的目的。【方法】以甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,在温室内进行了覆膜滴灌种植试验。根据温室内收集的气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith修正公式确定灌水量,采用1.0ETc进行灌水。试验设置3个氮肥水平,85 (N_1)、125 (N_2)、160 kg/hm~2 (N_3);3个施氮频率,5 d (F_5)、10 d (F_(10))、15 d(F_(15)),共9个处理,完全随机区组设计。膨大期测定甜瓜叶片净光合速率,成熟期测定干物质累积量、氮磷钾吸收量、产量及品质。【结果】在同一施氮水平下,甜瓜净光合速率随施氮频率的增加而增大,高频次施氮处理(F_5)的净光合速率均大于中频次施氮处理(F_(10))和低频次施氮处理(F_(15)),平均增加了17.4%和56.1%。在同一施氮频率下,高氮处理(N_3)的叶片净光合速率均高于低氮处理(N_1)和中氮处理(N_2),平均增加了22.6%和9.8%。在低氮(N_1)和中氮(N_2)条件下,提高施氮频率能够促进甜瓜干物质累积及氮磷钾吸收量,而在高氮(N_3)条件下,F_5和F_(10)处理下的甜瓜产量差异不显著(P <0.05)。在相同施氮频率条件下,高氮处理(N_3)的产量为25.30 t/hm~2,均高于低氮处理(N_1)和中氮处理(N_2),平均增加了7.2%和0.4%,但是高氮(N_3)处理与中氮(N_2)处理间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。在同一施氮频率下,中氮处理(N_2)的果肉品质最佳,施氮量不足或者过量都不利于甜瓜品质的改善;在同一施氮水平下,中频次施氮处理(F_(10))下的果肉品质均高于高频次施氮处理(F_5)和低频次施氮处理(F_(15))。【结论】施氮量和施氮频率控制在125 kg/hm~2和10天时,甜瓜的品质最佳,产量略低于施氮量160 kg/hm~2和施氮频率5天。但从化肥减量和降低人工成本角度考虑,N_2F_(10)是最佳的处理组合。
【Objectives】The conventional soil fertilization is relatively low in fertilizer efficiency in crop production inside the facilities in China. The alternative drip irrigation-fertilization technology was applied in muskmelon planting, and the suitable nitrogen application amount and frequency were studied in this paper.【Methods】Muskmelons cultivar of YPTX208 was used as test materials in a mulched drip irrigation experiment inside greenhouse. The irrigation amount was determined using modified Penman-Monteith equation and 1.0 ETc was adopted for irrigation. Three N levels of 85, 125 and 160 kg/hm~2(N_1, N_2 and N_3) and three N application frequencies of 5, 10 and 15 days(F_5, F_(10) and F_(15)) were setup for the experiment. Leaf net photosynthetic rate was measured during the fruit enlargement period. The dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption, fruit yield and quality of muskmelon were measured during the ripening period.【Results】At the same N level, the leaf net photosynthetic rate was the highest in frequency of F_5, followed was F_(10) and F_(15), the average increase was 17.4% and 56.1%. At the same N application frequency, the leaf net photosynthetic rate in N_3 was higher than in N_1 and N_2, the average increase was 22.6% and 9.8%. Under N_1 and N_2 rates, the higher N application frequency significantly promoted dry mass accumulation and NPK uptake of muskmelon; while under N_3 rate, there was statistically significant difference in growth and NPK accumulation between F_5 and F_(10). Under the same N application frequency, the yield of treatment N_3 was 25.30 t/hm~2, which was significantly higher than that in treatment N_1(P < 0.05), but not than N_2, the average increase was 7.2% and 0.4%. At the same N application frequency, N_2 has the best pulp quality, insufficient or excessive N application was not conducive to the improvement of melon quality. At the same N level, the pulp quality of treatment F_(10) was higher than that of treatment F_5 and F_(15).【Conclusions】Nitrogen level of 125 kg/hm~2 and the nitrogen application frequency of 10 day are recommended as the better combination, although its yield is slightly lower than that in nitrogen level of160 kg/hm~2 and the application frequency of 5 day.
【Objectives】The conventional soil fertilization is relatively low in fertilizer efficiency in crop production inside the facilities in China. The alternative drip irrigation-fertilization technology was applied in muskmelon planting, and the suitable nitrogen application amount and frequency were studied in this paper.【Methods】Muskmelons cultivar of YPTX208 was used as test materials in a mulched drip irrigation experiment inside greenhouse. The irrigation amount was determined using modified Penman-Monteith equation and 1.0 ETc was adopted for irrigation. Three N levels of 85, 125 and 160 kg/hm~2(N_1, N_2 and N_3) and three N application frequencies of 5, 10 and 15 days(F_5, F_(10) and F_(15)) were setup for the experiment. Leaf net photosynthetic rate was measured during the fruit enlargement period. The dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption, fruit yield and quality of muskmelon were measured during the ripening period.【Results】At the same N level, the leaf net photosynthetic rate was the highest in frequency of F_5, followed was F_(10) and F_(15), the average increase was 17.4% and 56.1%. At the same N application frequency, the leaf net photosynthetic rate in N_3 was higher than in N_1 and N_2, the average increase was 22.6% and 9.8%. Under N_1 and N_2 rates, the higher N application frequency significantly promoted dry mass accumulation and NPK uptake of muskmelon; while under N_3 rate, there was statistically significant difference in growth and NPK accumulation between F_5 and F_(10). Under the same N application frequency, the yield of treatment N_3 was 25.30 t/hm~2, which was significantly higher than that in treatment N_1(P < 0.05), but not than N_2, the average increase was 7.2% and 0.4%. At the same N application frequency, N_2 has the best pulp quality, insufficient or excessive N application was not conducive to the improvement of melon quality. At the same N level, the pulp quality of treatment F_(10) was higher than that of treatment F_5 and F_(15).【Conclusions】Nitrogen level of 125 kg/hm~2 and the nitrogen application frequency of 10 day are recommended as the better combination, although its yield is slightly lower than that in nitrogen level of160 kg/hm~2 and the application frequency of 5 day.
引文
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[5]康利允,常高正,高宁宁,等.不同氮、钾肥施用量对甜瓜(Cucumismelo L.)产量和营养品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(9):1758-1770.Kang L Y,Chang G Z,Gao N N,et al.Effects of different nitrogen and potassium fertilizing amount on nutrition absorption,nutrition distribution and yield of muskmelon[J].Scientia Agriculture Sinica,2018,51(9):1758-1770.
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[7]Gaur M L,Aswini K.Performance evaluation of drip fertigation system in lemon plants[J].Indian Journal of Soil Conservation,2003,31(1):45-51.
[8]栗岩峰,李久生,饶敏杰.滴灌系统运行方式施肥频率对番茄产量与根系分布的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(7):1419-1427.Li Y F,Li J S,Rao M J.Effects of drip fertigation strategies and frequencies on yield and root distribution of tomato[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(7):1419-1427.
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[12]祈通,侯振安,治军,等.施氮量和滴灌施肥频率对杂交棉氮素吸收和产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2009,21(5):378-382.Qi T,Hou Z A,Ye J,et al.Effects of nitrogen rate and nitrogen application frequency on nitrogen uptake and yield of hybrid cotton[J].Cotton Science,2009,21(5):378-382.
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