辟谷非平人养生法考辨
|
摘要
辟谷原为道教求仙方术,古无平人辟谷养生依据。《内经》《难经》均明示"平人绝谷"神无所养则七日而亡,古医籍中辟谷与养生分列别论,道医认为平人辟谷易致病夭寿。食气辟谷无成功实例和理论依据,"气满不思食"原指脾虚气滞纳呆之证,后被道教转指为内丹术"止念"法中意志修炼。服饵辟谷方制作无章法且安全性堪虞,但其中甘味超八成及谷物、补益药并用或为"气满不思食"真正原因。辟谷背离传统中医学"谷肉果菜""五谷为养"古训,违反现代营养学"食物多样,谷类为主"原则,似难具备成为中医养生方法和特色诊疗技术的可行性。
No ancient records of bigu( abstinence from grains) for life nurturing in healthy people have been identified although it was originally a taoist asceticism for pursuing immortality. The TCM classics of Huangdi Neijing and Nanjing have shown that healthy person with bigu would die of losing spirit after seven days. Bigu and life nurturing have been divided into different chapters to show the difference in the ancient medical books. The taoist doctors oppose bigu on account of early death and malady. Shiqi Bigu( eating qi with abstinence from grains) lacks theoretical evidence and no success cases could be verified."Bloating without appetite"originally refers to the symptom( anorexia) of spleen deficiency pattern. This term is used in Taoist practice to denote willpower of "eliminating desire"( zhinian) in taoist cultivation.Without precise fabrication,bigu prescriptions tend to consist of 80% sweet-flavored ingredients or grain and tonic herbs,which may be the actual cause of bloating and anorexia with safety concern. Bigu seems to have deviated from the ancient rule of TCM "well-balanced diet with the grains,meats,fruits and vegetables for health",and also violated the principle of "food variety with grain dominant"diet in modern nutrition. There is no rationality to include bigu into the life nurturing methods or therapies of traditional Chinese medicine.
No ancient records of bigu( abstinence from grains) for life nurturing in healthy people have been identified although it was originally a taoist asceticism for pursuing immortality. The TCM classics of Huangdi Neijing and Nanjing have shown that healthy person with bigu would die of losing spirit after seven days. Bigu and life nurturing have been divided into different chapters to show the difference in the ancient medical books. The taoist doctors oppose bigu on account of early death and malady. Shiqi Bigu( eating qi with abstinence from grains) lacks theoretical evidence and no success cases could be verified."Bloating without appetite"originally refers to the symptom( anorexia) of spleen deficiency pattern. This term is used in Taoist practice to denote willpower of "eliminating desire"( zhinian) in taoist cultivation.Without precise fabrication,bigu prescriptions tend to consist of 80% sweet-flavored ingredients or grain and tonic herbs,which may be the actual cause of bloating and anorexia with safety concern. Bigu seems to have deviated from the ancient rule of TCM "well-balanced diet with the grains,meats,fruits and vegetables for health",and also violated the principle of "food variety with grain dominant"diet in modern nutrition. There is no rationality to include bigu into the life nurturing methods or therapies of traditional Chinese medicine.
引文
[1]张志哲.道教文化辞典[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,1994.Zhang ZZ.Taoist Cultural Dictionary[M].Nanjing:Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House,1994.
[2]姜洁冰.辟谷班规范开展势在必行[N].中国中医药报,2017-06-12(2).Jiang JB.Imperative to carry out the standardization of Bigu seminar[N].China News of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2017-06-12(2).
[3]张蕊,伊琳.规范发展辟谷养生才能走得更远[N].健康报,2017-06-21(5).Zhang R,Yi L.Development in regulation,Bi Gu health preservation can go further[N].Health News,2017-06-21(5).
[4]刘长喜.辟谷的内涵解析与修炼要诀[N].中国中医药报,2017-06-15(4).Liu CX.Connotation explanation and key points to practise of Bigu[N].China News of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2017-06-15(4).
[5]王九思.难经集注[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2016:138.Wang JS.Nanjing Jizhu(Variorum of the Classic of Difficult Issues)[M].Beijing:China Medical Science Press,2016:138.
[6]张元素.医学启源[M].任应秋,点校.北京:人民军医出版社,2009:123.Zhang YS.Yixue Qiyuan(Origins of Medicine)[M].Ren YQ ed.Beijing:People’s Military Medical Press,2009:123.
[7]葛洪,王明.抱朴子内篇校释[M].2版.北京:中华书局,1985:266-267.Ge H,Wang M.Baopuzi Neipian Jiaoshi(Annotation of the Inner Analects of Baopuzi)[M](2nd Edition).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985:266-267.
[8]周一谋,萧佐桃.马王堆医书考注[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1988:228.Zhou YM,Xiao ZT.Mawangdui Yishu Kaozhu(Investigation and Annotation of Medical Books from Mawangdui)[M].Tianjin:Tianjin Science and Technology Press,1988:228.
[9]陈冲虚.规中指南[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:1.Chen CX.Guizhong Zhinan(Guizhong Instructions)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1989:1.
[10]牟钟鉴,胡孚琛,王葆玹.道教通论[M].济南:齐鲁书社,1991:112.Mou ZJ,Hu FC,Wang BX.Daojiao Tonglun(The Comprehensive Discussion of Taoism)[M].Jinan:Shandong Qilu Press,1991:112.
[11]王家葵.《仙经》考略[J].宗教学研究,1997(2):55-58.Wang JK.Xianjing Kaolue(Investigation on Xianjing)[J].Religious Studies,1997(2):55-58.
[12]李叔还.道教大辞典[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1987:72.Li SH.Daojiao Dacidian(Taoist Dictionary)[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House,1987:72.
[13]Lützner H.Fasting Therapy:Basic Principles and Methods[M]//Bühring M,Kemper FH,Matthiessen PF,eds.Naturheilverfahren und Unkonventionelle Medizinische Rich-tungen.Berlin:Springer Loseblatt Systeme,1998:1-26.
[14]Wilhelmi de Toledo F,Buchinger A,Burggrabe H,et al.Fasting therapy-an expert panel update of the 2002 consensus guidelines[J].Forsch Komplementmed,2013,20(6):434-443.
[15]秦鉴,柯斌,孟君,等.禁食疗法的安全性初步评价[J].深圳中西医结合杂志,2009,19(1):41-42.Qin J,Ke B,Meng J,et al.Preliminary evaluation on the safety of fasting therapy[J].Shenzhen Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,2009,19(1):41-42.
[16]汪园园,秦鉴,柯斌.禁食疗法对情绪的影响分析[J].深圳中西医结合杂志,2010,20(5):308-309.Wang YY,Qin J,Ke B.Influence analysis of fasting therapy on emotions[J].Shenzhen Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,2010,20(5):308-309.
[17]陈兆鑫.中医禁食疗法在代谢综合征中的应用研究[J].中医药临床杂志,2017,29(2):236-239.Chen ZX.Study on the application of Chinese medicine fasting therapy in metabolic syndrome[J].Clinical Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2017,29(2):236-239.
[18]Salehi-Abargouei A,Izadi V,Azadbakht L.The effect of low calorie diet on adiponectin concentration:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Horm Metab Res,2015,47(8):549-555.
[19]Patterson RE,Laughlin GA,La Croix AZ,et al.Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health[J].J Acad Nutr Diet,2015,115(8):1203-1212.
[20]中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗专家共识编写委员会.中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗专家共识[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2016,8(9):525-540.Committee of Chinese Experts Consensus on Overweight/Obesity by Medical Nutrition Therapy.Chinese expert consensus on overweight/obesity by medical nutrition therapy[J].Chin J Diabetes Mellitus,2016,8(9):525-540.
[21]杨庆玲.无饥饿禁食疗法治疗脾虚痰浊型肥胖型2型糖尿病临床观察[D].济南:山东中医药大学,2016.Yang QL.Clinical observation of fasting treatment without hunger on type 2 diabetes with obesity in pattern of spleen deficiency and phlegm turbidity[D].Ji’nan:Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2016.
[22]Liebermeister H,Hilzensauer B,Morath D.Spter-gebnisse nach Gewichtsreduktion bei Fettsüchtigen[J].Akt Ernhr,1989,14:143-148.
[23]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食指南(2016年)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2016:2.Chinese Nutrition Society.Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents(2016)[M].Beijing:People’s Medical Publishing House,2016:2.
[2]姜洁冰.辟谷班规范开展势在必行[N].中国中医药报,2017-06-12(2).Jiang JB.Imperative to carry out the standardization of Bigu seminar[N].China News of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2017-06-12(2).
[3]张蕊,伊琳.规范发展辟谷养生才能走得更远[N].健康报,2017-06-21(5).Zhang R,Yi L.Development in regulation,Bi Gu health preservation can go further[N].Health News,2017-06-21(5).
[4]刘长喜.辟谷的内涵解析与修炼要诀[N].中国中医药报,2017-06-15(4).Liu CX.Connotation explanation and key points to practise of Bigu[N].China News of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2017-06-15(4).
[5]王九思.难经集注[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2016:138.Wang JS.Nanjing Jizhu(Variorum of the Classic of Difficult Issues)[M].Beijing:China Medical Science Press,2016:138.
[6]张元素.医学启源[M].任应秋,点校.北京:人民军医出版社,2009:123.Zhang YS.Yixue Qiyuan(Origins of Medicine)[M].Ren YQ ed.Beijing:People’s Military Medical Press,2009:123.
[7]葛洪,王明.抱朴子内篇校释[M].2版.北京:中华书局,1985:266-267.Ge H,Wang M.Baopuzi Neipian Jiaoshi(Annotation of the Inner Analects of Baopuzi)[M](2nd Edition).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985:266-267.
[8]周一谋,萧佐桃.马王堆医书考注[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1988:228.Zhou YM,Xiao ZT.Mawangdui Yishu Kaozhu(Investigation and Annotation of Medical Books from Mawangdui)[M].Tianjin:Tianjin Science and Technology Press,1988:228.
[9]陈冲虚.规中指南[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:1.Chen CX.Guizhong Zhinan(Guizhong Instructions)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1989:1.
[10]牟钟鉴,胡孚琛,王葆玹.道教通论[M].济南:齐鲁书社,1991:112.Mou ZJ,Hu FC,Wang BX.Daojiao Tonglun(The Comprehensive Discussion of Taoism)[M].Jinan:Shandong Qilu Press,1991:112.
[11]王家葵.《仙经》考略[J].宗教学研究,1997(2):55-58.Wang JK.Xianjing Kaolue(Investigation on Xianjing)[J].Religious Studies,1997(2):55-58.
[12]李叔还.道教大辞典[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1987:72.Li SH.Daojiao Dacidian(Taoist Dictionary)[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House,1987:72.
[13]Lützner H.Fasting Therapy:Basic Principles and Methods[M]//Bühring M,Kemper FH,Matthiessen PF,eds.Naturheilverfahren und Unkonventionelle Medizinische Rich-tungen.Berlin:Springer Loseblatt Systeme,1998:1-26.
[14]Wilhelmi de Toledo F,Buchinger A,Burggrabe H,et al.Fasting therapy-an expert panel update of the 2002 consensus guidelines[J].Forsch Komplementmed,2013,20(6):434-443.
[15]秦鉴,柯斌,孟君,等.禁食疗法的安全性初步评价[J].深圳中西医结合杂志,2009,19(1):41-42.Qin J,Ke B,Meng J,et al.Preliminary evaluation on the safety of fasting therapy[J].Shenzhen Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,2009,19(1):41-42.
[16]汪园园,秦鉴,柯斌.禁食疗法对情绪的影响分析[J].深圳中西医结合杂志,2010,20(5):308-309.Wang YY,Qin J,Ke B.Influence analysis of fasting therapy on emotions[J].Shenzhen Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,2010,20(5):308-309.
[17]陈兆鑫.中医禁食疗法在代谢综合征中的应用研究[J].中医药临床杂志,2017,29(2):236-239.Chen ZX.Study on the application of Chinese medicine fasting therapy in metabolic syndrome[J].Clinical Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2017,29(2):236-239.
[18]Salehi-Abargouei A,Izadi V,Azadbakht L.The effect of low calorie diet on adiponectin concentration:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Horm Metab Res,2015,47(8):549-555.
[19]Patterson RE,Laughlin GA,La Croix AZ,et al.Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health[J].J Acad Nutr Diet,2015,115(8):1203-1212.
[20]中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗专家共识编写委员会.中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗专家共识[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2016,8(9):525-540.Committee of Chinese Experts Consensus on Overweight/Obesity by Medical Nutrition Therapy.Chinese expert consensus on overweight/obesity by medical nutrition therapy[J].Chin J Diabetes Mellitus,2016,8(9):525-540.
[21]杨庆玲.无饥饿禁食疗法治疗脾虚痰浊型肥胖型2型糖尿病临床观察[D].济南:山东中医药大学,2016.Yang QL.Clinical observation of fasting treatment without hunger on type 2 diabetes with obesity in pattern of spleen deficiency and phlegm turbidity[D].Ji’nan:Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,2016.
[22]Liebermeister H,Hilzensauer B,Morath D.Spter-gebnisse nach Gewichtsreduktion bei Fettsüchtigen[J].Akt Ernhr,1989,14:143-148.
[23]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食指南(2016年)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2016:2.Chinese Nutrition Society.Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents(2016)[M].Beijing:People’s Medical Publishing House,2016:2.