摘要
探究山区聚落与耕地间的耦合关系,对山区聚落重构与农业发展具有重要意义。本文采用核密度法、局部空间自相关、Ripley’ k函数和聚耕比指数等方法定量分析了北川县山区聚落与耕地在数量与质量上的空间特征。结果表明:1)北川县聚落属于典型的山区农业聚落,且多为离散型或小规模群体性聚落,加之受地形因素影响,多属于平行于等高线的台阶式聚落。2)由多距离空间聚集指数可看出,小尺度下的聚落聚集特性并不明显,多数聚落呈离散性。3)北川县域聚落与耕地空间分布关系密切,聚落分布呈显著的"耕地指向性",聚耕比指数差异明显,呈由西北向东南逐渐增大的分布趋势。4)北川县域耕地质量等级较低,但耕地分布空间同质性较好,"高—高"质量耕地,与"低—低"质量耕地具有明显的聚集特性。本文在传统的以分析聚落与耕地数量关系为中心的基础上,加入耕地质量分析,较全面地反映聚落与耕地的空间耦合关系,为聚落与耕地关系的整体认知提供了新的思路。
The relationship between the settlements and the cultivated lands in mountainous area can reflect the human-land relationship and guide settlement immigration, expansion and reconstruction. A better understanding on the spatial relationship between the settlements and the cultivated lands is also of great significance to the settlements reconstruction and cultivated lands development. In this study, the kernel density analysis, LISA and Ripley's K function were applied to explore the spatial distribution characteristics in Beichuan County. The results showed that:(1) The settlements of Beichuan County were typical mountain settlements, most of these settlements were small-scale group settlements or individual settlements. Particularly, these settlements belonged to stepped settlements because of terrain driving factor.(2) Based on the analysis of Ripley's K function, the aggregation radius of the Beichuan settlements was about 7 km. It made the aggregation characteristics of the small-scale settlements less obvious, and most of the settlements were scattered.(3) The spatial distribution of the Beichuan settlements was closely associated to the cultivated lands. There were noticeable differences in the ratio of the settlement area to the cultivated land area, showing increasing trend from northwest-to-southeast direction.(4) Despite the poor quality of the cultivated lands in Beichuan County, the lands were distributed with good homogeneity. Both the high-quality cultivated lands and the low-quality cultivated lands showed obvious spatial aggregation characteristics respectively, which made it possible to the cultivated lands based on large-scale, intensive and mechanized production. The characteristic of this paper was not only to analyze the quantitative relationship between settlements and the cultivated land, but also to analyze the quality relationship between them. These related results can provide scientific data support for solving contradiction between settlement construction and cultivated lands in mountainous area.
引文
[1] 马利邦,田亚亚,郭晓东,等.基于格网的河西绿洲乡村聚落时空演变及其与水土资源的空间耦合关系[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(5):775-787.[MA Libang,TIAN Yaya,GUO Xiaodong,et al.Spatial-temporal change of rural settlements and its spatial coupling relationship with water and soil resources based on grid in the Hexi Oasis[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33(5):775-787]
[2] DA CUNHA E R,BACANI V M,PANACHUKI E.Modeling Soil Erosion Using Rusle and Gis in a Watershed Occupied By Rural Settlement in the Brazilian Cerrado[J].Natural Hazards,2017,85(2):851-868.
[3] GIRVETZ E H,THORNE J H,BERRY A M,et al.Integration of Landscape Fragmentation Analysis Into Regional Planning:a Statewide Multi-scale Case Study From California,Usa[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,86(3):205-218.
[4] FRONDONI R,MOLLO B,CAPOTORTI G.A landscape analysis of land cover change in the Municipality of Rome (Italy):spatio-temporal characteristics and ecological implications of land cover transitions from 1954 to 2001 [J].Landscape & Urban Planning,2011,100(1):117-128.
[5] 甘彩红,李阳兵,陈萌萌.基于坡耕地与聚落空间耦合的三峡库区腹地奉节县人地关系研究[J].地理研究,2015,34(7):1259-1269.[GAN Caihong,LI Yangbing,CHEN Mengmeng.Man-land relationship of Fengjie county in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on coupling comparison of sloping cultivated lands and settlements [J].Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1259-1269]
[6] 李智,张小林,李红波,等.江苏典型县域城乡聚落规模体系的演化路径及驱动机制[J].地理学报,2018,73(12):1-17.[LI Zhi,ZHANG Xiaolin,LI Hongbo,et al.Evolution paths and the driving mechanism of the urban-rural scale system at the county level:taking three counties of Jiangsu province as an example [J].ACTA Geographica Sinica,2018,73(12):1-17]
[7] 王会豪,任平,张智波.基于地形起伏度的耕地与聚落耦合关系演变研究——以都江堰市为例[J].四川师范大学学报 (自然科学版) ,2017,40(4):536-543.[WANG Huihao,REN Ping,ZHANG Zhibo.Research on the development of the coupling relationship between cultivated lands and settlements based on relief amplitude:take the case of dujiangyan city [J].Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Natural Science),2017,40(4):536-543]
[8] 商馨莹.基于标准差椭圆法分析农村居民点分布特征——以淮南市潘集区为例[J].农村经济与科技,2018,29(9):244-246.[SHANG Xinying.Analysis of distribution characteristics of rural residents based on standard deviation elliptical method [J].Rural Economy and Science-technology,2018,29(9):244-246]
[9] 吴嘉逸,席唱白,苑振宇,等.核密度法的南京苏果超市分布热点探测[J].测绘科学,2017,42(11):68-73.[WU Jiayi,XI Changbai,YUAN Zhenyu,et al.Hotspot detection of Suguo stores in Nanjing city supported by kernel density estimation [J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2017,42(11):68-73]
[10] 刘磊.基于“簇—群”联结的传统村镇风貌解析与修复——以荆紫关镇为例[J].世界地理研究,2018,27(6):158-167.[LIU Lei.Analysis and restoration of traditional villages and towns based on “cluster-group” connection—taking Jingziguan town as an example [J].World Regional Studies,2018,27(6):158-167]
[11] 熊俊楠,赵云亮,程维明,等.四川省山洪灾害时空分布规律及其影响因素研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2018,20(10):1443-1456.[XIONG Junnan,ZHAO Yunliang,CHENG Weiming,et al.Temporal-spatial distribution and the influencing factors of mountain-flood disasters in Sichuan province [J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2018,20(10):1443-1456]
[12] 国安东,李永化,杨俊.基于多距离空间聚类的城市建筑景观时空分异研究[J].测绘通报,2017,(2):102-105.[GUO Andong,LI Yonghua,YANG Jun.Research on spatial and temporal differences of urban architectural landscape based on Multi-distance spatial cluster [J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2017,(2):102-105
[13] 闫庆武,卞正富.基于GIS-SDA的居民点空间分布研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(3):57-61.[YAN Qingwu,BIAN Zhengfu.Study on distribution patterns of settlements based on GIS-SDA [J].Geography and GEO-INFORMATION Science,2008,24(3):57-61]
[14] HAGEN-ZANKER,ALEX.An improved Fuzzy Kappa statistic that accounts for spatial autocorrelation [J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2009,23(1):61-73.
[15] 张晗,赵小敏,欧阳真程,等.基于空间自相关的耕地质量空间差异特征及耕地保护分区—以江西省上高县为例[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(1):304-312.[ZHANG Han,ZHAO Xiaomin,OUYANG zhencheng,et al.Spatial disparity features and protection zoning of cultivated land quality based on spatial autocorrelation—a case study of Shanggao County,Jiangxi province [J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(1):304-312]
[16] 韩桃利,郭悦,许文波,等.2008—2017年中国大陆手足口病空间聚集性分析[J].病毒学报,2018,34(5):534-542.[HAN Taoli,GUO Yue,XU Wenbo,et al.Spatial clustering of hand,foot and mouth disease in mainland China from 2008 to 2017 [J].Chinese Journal of Virology,2018,34(5):534-542]
[17] 杨建宇,张欣,徐凡,等.基于TOPSIS和局部空间自相关的永久基本农田划定方法[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(4):172-180.[YANG Jianyu,ZHANG Xin,XU Fan,et al.Designation method of permanent basic farmland based on Topsis and local spatial autocorrelation [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(4):172-180]
[18] 王雪青,陈媛,刘炳胜.中国区域房地产经济发展水平空间统计分析——全局Moran’s I、Moran散点图与LISA集聚图的组合研究[J].数理统计与管理,2014,33(1):59-71.[WANG Xueqing,CHEN Yuan,LIU Bingsheng.Exploratory spatial data analysis about the development level of the regional real estate economy in China—the research based on global Moran’ i,Moran scatter plots and LISA cluster map [J].Application of Statistics and Management,2014,33(1):59-71]
[19] 叶阿忠,陈生明,冯烽.服务业集聚和经济增长对我国城镇化影响的实证研究——基于半参数空间滞后模型[J].运筹与管理,2015,24(3):205-211.[YE Azhong,CHEN Shengming,FENG Feng.Empirical study on the space effect of service industry agglomeration and economic growth on China’ S Urbanization—based on semi-parametric spatial LAG model [J].Operations Research and Management Science,2015,24(3):205-211]
[20] 中国城市规划设计研究院.城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准:GB50137—2011[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.[China Academy of Urban Planning and Design.Code for classification of urban and rural land use and planning standards of development land:GB50137-2011 [S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2010]
[21] 谈明洪,李秀彬.世界主要国家城市人均用地研究及其对我国的启示[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(11):1813-1822.[TAN Minghong,LI Xiubin.Characteristics of urban land per capita of major countries in the world and its implications for China [J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(11):1813-1822]
[22] 芦艳艳,樊雷,刘桢.基于土地利用系数修正的土地整治重大项目区耕地质量等别评价——以河南省延津县为例[J].地域研究与开发,2018,37(5):147-151.[LU Yanyan,FAN Lei,LIU Zhen.Cultivated land quality evaluation of land consolidation major project based on land use coefficient correction method:major project of Yanjin county,Henan province [J].Areal Research and Development,2018,37(5):147-151]
[23] 陈玉堂.从地名的变迁看藏东茶马古道“东大路”的族群互动[J].西藏大学学报(社会科学版),2015,30(3):115-119,136.[CHEN Yu tang.A research of the interaction of the ethnic groups on the "East road" of the ancient Tea-Horse road in East Tibet from the perspective of place Name changes [J].Journal of Tibet University,2015,30(3):115-119,136]
[24] 刘延国,廖彦淞,王青,等.岷江上游山区聚落生态位与土壤侵蚀的空间分布关系研究[J].中国水土保持,2018,434(05):45-50,69.[LIU Yanguo,LIAO Yansong,WANG Qing,et al.The relationship of spatial distribution between mountain settlement niche and soil erosion in the upper reaches of Minjiang River [J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2018,434 (5):45-50,69]
[25] ZHANG B L,JIANG G H,CAI W M,et al.Productive functional evolution of rural settlements:analysis of livelihood strategy and land use transition in eastern China [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2017,14(12):2540-2554.
[26] 熊梅,黄利利.羌族传统村落的地理分布与空间结构[J].西南石油大学学报(社会科学版),2017,19(6):50-56.[XIONG Mei,HUANG Lili.Geographical distribution and spatial structure of traditional qiang People villages [J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Social Sciences Edition),2017,19(6):50-56]
[27] 程维明,高晓雨,马廷,等.基于地貌分区的1990—2015年中国耕地时空特征变化分析[J].地理学报,2018,73(9):1613-1629.[CHENG Weiming,GAO Xiaoyu,MA Ting,et al.Spatial-temporal distribution of cropland in China based on geomorphologic regionalization during 1990-2015 [J].ACTA Geographica Sinica,2018,73(9):1613-1629]
[28] SZABó S,BETALAN L,KEREKES A,et al.Possibilities of land use change analysis in a mountainous rural area:a methodological approach [J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2015,30(4):708-726