海域使用活动对海湾生态环境的压力评估——以莱州湾为例
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摘要
以莱州湾为例,基于GIS和地理空间模拟框架,结合海洋生态红线区分布,建立了海域使用活动对海洋生态环境的潜在压力评估模型,空间量化评估多种海域使用活动对海洋生态环境的潜在影响。结果显示,多种海域使用活动的潜在压力总体呈近岸高于远岸、湾顶>东部>西部的分布特征;压力高值区集中于距岸10km以内海域和5m水深以内海域;海洋特别保护区、海洋自然保护区及重要河口生态系统等类型的海洋生态红线区受到开放式养殖、围海养殖、盐业用海活动的压力较大,需要对其进行重点监控。研究揭示了莱州湾海域使用活动对海洋生态环境潜在压力的空间分布格局,为海洋生态红线落地实施和海域使用管理提供决策依据。
The potential pressure caused by sea use activities on marine eco-environment in Laizhou Bay was quantitatively evaluated based on GIS and geospatial modeling by combining the spatial distribution of marine ecological red line zone.We firstly identified the spatial distribution patterns of all anthropogenic pressures as well as their potential impact on key marine habitats.The general characteristic of spatial distribution of potential anthropogenic pressure on the eco-environment in Laizhou Bay can be described as that in the offshore area is higher than that in the far-shore area and the sequence from high to low is:the bay-head,the east area,the west area.Overall,the high pressure area is concentrated in the sea area within 10 km and the water depth within 5 m.It is worthy to note that a few of marine ecological red line zones,such as marine special protected areas,natural reserves,and important estuarine ecosystems,have already threatened by pressure caused by sea aquaculture and salt industry.The study reveals the spatial distribution pattern of the potential pressure of sea use activities on the marine ecological environment in Laizhou Bay.Accordingly,a few policy suggestions are also proposed at the end to implement the spatial planning of marine ecological red line zones and regulate utilization of sea area.
The potential pressure caused by sea use activities on marine eco-environment in Laizhou Bay was quantitatively evaluated based on GIS and geospatial modeling by combining the spatial distribution of marine ecological red line zone.We firstly identified the spatial distribution patterns of all anthropogenic pressures as well as their potential impact on key marine habitats.The general characteristic of spatial distribution of potential anthropogenic pressure on the eco-environment in Laizhou Bay can be described as that in the offshore area is higher than that in the far-shore area and the sequence from high to low is:the bay-head,the east area,the west area.Overall,the high pressure area is concentrated in the sea area within 10 km and the water depth within 5 m.It is worthy to note that a few of marine ecological red line zones,such as marine special protected areas,natural reserves,and important estuarine ecosystems,have already threatened by pressure caused by sea aquaculture and salt industry.The study reveals the spatial distribution pattern of the potential pressure of sea use activities on the marine ecological environment in Laizhou Bay.Accordingly,a few policy suggestions are also proposed at the end to implement the spatial planning of marine ecological red line zones and regulate utilization of sea area.
引文
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[8]DAI Ya-nan,PENG Jian-gui.Fragility evaluation for the eco-environment of the coastal zone in Jiangsu[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2009,27(1):78-82.戴亚南,彭检贵.江苏海岸带生态环境脆弱性及其评价体系构建[J].海洋学研究,2009,27(1):78-82.
[9]MURRAY C C,AGBAYANI S,ALIDINA H M,et al.Advancing marine cumulative effects mapping:An update in Canada’s Pacific waters[J].Marine Policy,2015,58(8):71-77.
[10]FRASCHETTI S,D’AMBROSIO P,MICHELI F,et al.Design of marine protected areas in a human-dominated seascape[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,375(1):13-24.
[11]PARRAVICINI V,ROVEREA A,VASSALLOA P,et al.Understanding relationships between conflicting human uses and coastal ecosystems status:A geospatial modeling approach[J].Ecological Indicators.2012,19(8):253-263.
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[13]LI Yan-feng,SONG Xiu-xian,WU Zai-xing,et al.An integrated methodology for quantitative assessment on impact of human activities on marine ecosystems:A case study in Laizhou Bay,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2015,46(1):133-139.李延峰,宋秀贤,吴在兴,等.人类活动对海洋生态系统影响的空间量化评价——以莱州湾海域为例[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(1):133-139.
[14]SHI Qi,ZHAO Mei-xia,HUANG Ling-ying,et al.Human activities and impacts on coral reef at the Luhuitou Fringing Reef,Sanya[J].Tropical Geography,2010,30(5):486-490,509.施祺,赵美霞,黄玲英,等.三亚鹿回头岸礁区人类活动及其对珊瑚礁的影响[J].热带地理,2010,30(5):486-490,509.
[15]WU Zai-xing,YU Zhi-ming,SONG Xiu-xian,et al.A methodology for assessing and mapping pressure of human activities on coastal region based on stepwise logic decision process and GIS technology[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2016,120(2):80-87.
[16]SHEN Cheng-cheng,SHI Hong-hua,ZHENG Wei,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem health and its sensitivity to pressure in the waters of nearshore archipelago[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,61(2):822-832.
[17]YANG Jian-qiang,ZHU Yong-gui,SONG Wen-peng,et al.The eco-environmental evaluation based on habitat quality and ecological response of Laizhou Bay[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(1):105-114.杨建强,朱永贵,宋文鹏,等.基于生境质量和生态响应的莱州湾生态环境质量评价[J].生态学报,2014,34(1):105-114.
[18]DAI Gui-lin,LAN Xiang.Analysis of the impact of offshore reclamation from the perspective of marine industry—Taking the region of Bohai as an example[J].Ocean Development and Management,2009,26(7):24-28.戴桂林,兰香.基于海洋产业角度对围填海开发影响的理论分析——以环渤海地区为例[J].海洋开发与管理,2009,26(7):24-28.
[19]People’s Government of Shandong Province.Delineation plan for the marine ecological red line area of Bohai Sea,Shandong Province(2013-2010)[R].2013.山东省人民政府.山东省渤海海洋生态红线区划定方案(2013-2010)[R].2013.
[20]State Oceanic Administration,People’s Republic of China.HY/T123-2009Categorization of sea area usage[S].2009.国家海洋局.HY/T123-2009海域使用分类体系[S].2009.
[21]DU Pei-pei,WU Xiao-qing,DU Xiao-yan,et al.Situation evaluation on the marine spatial development and utilization in the Laizhou Bay[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2017,36(1):8-15.杜培培,吴晓青,都晓岩,等.莱州湾海域空间开发利用现状评价[J].海洋通报,2017,36(1):8-15.
[22]GB/T 19485-2014Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment of marine engineering[S].2014.GB/T 19485-2014海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则[S].2014.
[23]State Oceanic Administration,People’s Republic of China.Technical guidelines for sea area use demonstration[M].2010.http://www.soa.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/hygl/201508/t20150824_39679.html.国家海洋局.海域使用论证技术导则[M].2010.http://www.soa.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/hygl/201508/t20150824_39679.html.
[24]MARISA I B,SOFIA H,MIGUEL P P,et al.Assessment of cumulative human pressures on a coastal area:Integrating information for MPA planning and management[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2014,102(3):248-257.
[25]LAU M A.Integrated coastal zone management in the People’s Republic of China–An assessment of structural impacts on decision-making processes[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2005,48(2):115-159.
[26]SONG De-bin,GAO Zhi-qiang,ZHANG Hua,et al.GIS-based health assessment of the marine ecosystem in Laizhou Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,125(6):242-249.
[27]TONG Jun-an.The main source and distribution characteristics of pollutants in Laizhou Bay[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1994,12(4):16-20.童钧安.莱州湾主要污染物来源及分布特征[J].黄渤海海洋,1994,12(4):16-20.
[28]CUI Yi,MA Sao-sai,LI Yun-ping,et al.Pollution situation in the Laizhou Bay and its effects on fishery resources[J].Marine Fisheries Research,2003,24(1):35-41.崔毅,马绍赛,李云平,等.莱州湾污染及其对渔业资源的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2003,24(1):35-41.
[29]ANTONY M K,REBECCA S K,LEONIE A R.Identifying common pressure pathways from a complex network of human activities to support ecosystem‐based management[J].Ecological Application,2013,23(4):755-765.
[30]SHEN Gong-min,HUANG Jing-xian,HUANG Ying,et al.Water environment quality assessment in fisheries area of Laizhou Bay[J].Chinese Fishery Quality and Standards,2014,4(6):50-58.沈公铭,黄经献,黄瑛,等.莱州湾渔业水域水环境质量评价[J].中国渔业质量与标准,2014,4(6):50-58.
[31]ZHANG Jin-feng,GAO Xue-lu,ZHUANG Wen,et al.Analysis of long-term changes in fishery resources and environment in the Laizhou Bay[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2014(3):82-90.张锦峰,高学鲁,庄文,等.莱州湾渔业资源与环境变化趋势分析[J].海洋湖沼通报,2014(3):82-90.
[2]WANG Quan-ming,MIAO Feng-min,LI Shu-yuan.The general situation of foreign ocean space planning and the reference of China’s marine functional zoning[J].Ocean Development and Management,2008,25(9):5-8.王权明,苗丰民,李淑媛.国外海洋空间规划概况及我国海洋功能区划的借鉴[J].海洋开发与管理,2008,25(9):5-8.
[3]WANG Jiang-tao,ZHANG Xiao-xian,MA Jun,et al.Analyses of sea areas resources use and supply of Bohai Sea coastal region[J].Marine Environmental Science,2011,30(1):127-130.王江涛,张潇娴,马军,等.环渤海地区海域空间资源使用和供给分析[J].海洋环境科学,2011,30(1):127-130.
[4]HALPERN B S,FRAZIER M,POTAPENKO J,et al.Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world’s ocean[J].Nature Communications,2015,6(7):7 615.
[5]STELZENMLLER V,FOCK H O,GIMPEL A,et al.Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial management:Current approaches and some perspectives[J].Ices Journal of Marine Science,2015,72(3):1 022-1 042.
[6]ZHANG Xiao-hui,HUANG Gen-hua,ZENG De-xiang,et al.Distribution features and evaluation on potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments nearby Hebao Island,Pearl River Estuary[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2013,31(4):49-55.张晓辉,黄根华,曾德相,等.珠江口荷包岛近岸海域沉积物重金属分布及其潜在生态危害评价[J].海洋学研究,2013,31(4):49-55.
[7]ZHANG Jian,LI Jia-rui,LIU Shu-ming,et al.The vulnerability of ecosystem and evaluation system construction of Xiangshangang Bay[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2017,35(2):74-81.张健,李佳芮,刘书明,等.象山港生态系统脆弱性及其评价体系构建[J].海洋学研究,2017,35(2):74-81.
[8]DAI Ya-nan,PENG Jian-gui.Fragility evaluation for the eco-environment of the coastal zone in Jiangsu[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2009,27(1):78-82.戴亚南,彭检贵.江苏海岸带生态环境脆弱性及其评价体系构建[J].海洋学研究,2009,27(1):78-82.
[9]MURRAY C C,AGBAYANI S,ALIDINA H M,et al.Advancing marine cumulative effects mapping:An update in Canada’s Pacific waters[J].Marine Policy,2015,58(8):71-77.
[10]FRASCHETTI S,D’AMBROSIO P,MICHELI F,et al.Design of marine protected areas in a human-dominated seascape[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,375(1):13-24.
[11]PARRAVICINI V,ROVEREA A,VASSALLOA P,et al.Understanding relationships between conflicting human uses and coastal ecosystems status:A geospatial modeling approach[J].Ecological Indicators.2012,19(8):253-263.
[12]MEGAN E,LISA M W,SARAH M R,et al.Assessment and management of cumulative impacts in California’s network of marine protected areas[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2017,137(1):1-11.
[13]LI Yan-feng,SONG Xiu-xian,WU Zai-xing,et al.An integrated methodology for quantitative assessment on impact of human activities on marine ecosystems:A case study in Laizhou Bay,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2015,46(1):133-139.李延峰,宋秀贤,吴在兴,等.人类活动对海洋生态系统影响的空间量化评价——以莱州湾海域为例[J].海洋与湖沼,2015,46(1):133-139.
[14]SHI Qi,ZHAO Mei-xia,HUANG Ling-ying,et al.Human activities and impacts on coral reef at the Luhuitou Fringing Reef,Sanya[J].Tropical Geography,2010,30(5):486-490,509.施祺,赵美霞,黄玲英,等.三亚鹿回头岸礁区人类活动及其对珊瑚礁的影响[J].热带地理,2010,30(5):486-490,509.
[15]WU Zai-xing,YU Zhi-ming,SONG Xiu-xian,et al.A methodology for assessing and mapping pressure of human activities on coastal region based on stepwise logic decision process and GIS technology[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2016,120(2):80-87.
[16]SHEN Cheng-cheng,SHI Hong-hua,ZHENG Wei,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem health and its sensitivity to pressure in the waters of nearshore archipelago[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,61(2):822-832.
[17]YANG Jian-qiang,ZHU Yong-gui,SONG Wen-peng,et al.The eco-environmental evaluation based on habitat quality and ecological response of Laizhou Bay[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(1):105-114.杨建强,朱永贵,宋文鹏,等.基于生境质量和生态响应的莱州湾生态环境质量评价[J].生态学报,2014,34(1):105-114.
[18]DAI Gui-lin,LAN Xiang.Analysis of the impact of offshore reclamation from the perspective of marine industry—Taking the region of Bohai as an example[J].Ocean Development and Management,2009,26(7):24-28.戴桂林,兰香.基于海洋产业角度对围填海开发影响的理论分析——以环渤海地区为例[J].海洋开发与管理,2009,26(7):24-28.
[19]People’s Government of Shandong Province.Delineation plan for the marine ecological red line area of Bohai Sea,Shandong Province(2013-2010)[R].2013.山东省人民政府.山东省渤海海洋生态红线区划定方案(2013-2010)[R].2013.
[20]State Oceanic Administration,People’s Republic of China.HY/T123-2009Categorization of sea area usage[S].2009.国家海洋局.HY/T123-2009海域使用分类体系[S].2009.
[21]DU Pei-pei,WU Xiao-qing,DU Xiao-yan,et al.Situation evaluation on the marine spatial development and utilization in the Laizhou Bay[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2017,36(1):8-15.杜培培,吴晓青,都晓岩,等.莱州湾海域空间开发利用现状评价[J].海洋通报,2017,36(1):8-15.
[22]GB/T 19485-2014Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment of marine engineering[S].2014.GB/T 19485-2014海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则[S].2014.
[23]State Oceanic Administration,People’s Republic of China.Technical guidelines for sea area use demonstration[M].2010.http://www.soa.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/hygl/201508/t20150824_39679.html.国家海洋局.海域使用论证技术导则[M].2010.http://www.soa.gov.cn/zwgk/gfxwj/hygl/201508/t20150824_39679.html.
[24]MARISA I B,SOFIA H,MIGUEL P P,et al.Assessment of cumulative human pressures on a coastal area:Integrating information for MPA planning and management[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2014,102(3):248-257.
[25]LAU M A.Integrated coastal zone management in the People’s Republic of China–An assessment of structural impacts on decision-making processes[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2005,48(2):115-159.
[26]SONG De-bin,GAO Zhi-qiang,ZHANG Hua,et al.GIS-based health assessment of the marine ecosystem in Laizhou Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,125(6):242-249.
[27]TONG Jun-an.The main source and distribution characteristics of pollutants in Laizhou Bay[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1994,12(4):16-20.童钧安.莱州湾主要污染物来源及分布特征[J].黄渤海海洋,1994,12(4):16-20.
[28]CUI Yi,MA Sao-sai,LI Yun-ping,et al.Pollution situation in the Laizhou Bay and its effects on fishery resources[J].Marine Fisheries Research,2003,24(1):35-41.崔毅,马绍赛,李云平,等.莱州湾污染及其对渔业资源的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2003,24(1):35-41.
[29]ANTONY M K,REBECCA S K,LEONIE A R.Identifying common pressure pathways from a complex network of human activities to support ecosystem‐based management[J].Ecological Application,2013,23(4):755-765.
[30]SHEN Gong-min,HUANG Jing-xian,HUANG Ying,et al.Water environment quality assessment in fisheries area of Laizhou Bay[J].Chinese Fishery Quality and Standards,2014,4(6):50-58.沈公铭,黄经献,黄瑛,等.莱州湾渔业水域水环境质量评价[J].中国渔业质量与标准,2014,4(6):50-58.
[31]ZHANG Jin-feng,GAO Xue-lu,ZHUANG Wen,et al.Analysis of long-term changes in fishery resources and environment in the Laizhou Bay[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2014(3):82-90.张锦峰,高学鲁,庄文,等.莱州湾渔业资源与环境变化趋势分析[J].海洋湖沼通报,2014(3):82-90.