城市新兴技术产业的演化路径比较分析——以长三角物联网产业为例
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摘要
1990年代后期以来,经济地理学出现了演化思潮,一些新的概念为分析产业的空间演化提供了有效的理论工具。基于演化经济地理学中的路径依赖理论,以长三角地区的物联网产业为例,探讨了新兴产业兴起和演化过程的地方差异。重点选取无锡、上海、南京和杭州四个城市,采用多案例比较的方法,从产业发展的历史基础、集群状况、政府政策,以及主要动力机制等方面,分析了4个案例的异同点,并突出这些城市在区域经济和制度环境方面的差异。对产业演化机制的讨论还发现,技术基础、政策推动和偶然性事件是新兴技术产业初始发展阶段的主要动因。
The geography of innovation and the regional development have attracted considerable scholarly attention, especially the spatial evolution processes of new technologies,enterprises, and industries. The development of a particular industry varies across locations,and more work is needed to study an emerging industry from a geographical perspective. The evolutionary economic geography provides effective theoretical tools for the analysis of the spatial evolution of industries and contributes to a better cognition of the mechanism for the evolution of economic landscapes. A significant agglomeration has been found in the Internet of things(Io T) industry in the following locations: Yangtze River Delta region, Pearl River Delta region, Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei(Bohai Rim) region, and some developed cities in the central and western regions of China. As the origin of the Io T industry, the Yangtze River Delta region has a full- fledged industry chain. Based on the path dependence theory, this paper explores the local differences of the emergence and evolution of the Io T industry in four cities of the Yangtze River Delta region: Wuxi, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou. In Wuxi,occasional opportunity and local government are the significant determinants, while the development of Io T industry in Shanghai is driven by the industrial base and innovative institutional environment. For Nanjing and Hangzhou, the interactions between the fundamental conditions of industry and the state policies are the major impetuses. In conclusion, technological base, government policy, and occasional opportunity are the main drivers in the initial stage of emerging industry in China.
The geography of innovation and the regional development have attracted considerable scholarly attention, especially the spatial evolution processes of new technologies,enterprises, and industries. The development of a particular industry varies across locations,and more work is needed to study an emerging industry from a geographical perspective. The evolutionary economic geography provides effective theoretical tools for the analysis of the spatial evolution of industries and contributes to a better cognition of the mechanism for the evolution of economic landscapes. A significant agglomeration has been found in the Internet of things(Io T) industry in the following locations: Yangtze River Delta region, Pearl River Delta region, Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei(Bohai Rim) region, and some developed cities in the central and western regions of China. As the origin of the Io T industry, the Yangtze River Delta region has a full- fledged industry chain. Based on the path dependence theory, this paper explores the local differences of the emergence and evolution of the Io T industry in four cities of the Yangtze River Delta region: Wuxi, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou. In Wuxi,occasional opportunity and local government are the significant determinants, while the development of Io T industry in Shanghai is driven by the industrial base and innovative institutional environment. For Nanjing and Hangzhou, the interactions between the fundamental conditions of industry and the state policies are the major impetuses. In conclusion, technological base, government policy, and occasional opportunity are the main drivers in the initial stage of emerging industry in China.
引文
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[2]Simmie J.Ed.Innovative Cities.London:Spon,2001.
[3]Gertler M S,Vinodrai T.Life sciences and regional innovation:One path or many?.European Planning Studies,2009,17(2):235-261.
[4]Sternberg R.Neither planned nor by chance:How knowledge-intensive clusters emerge.In:Fornahl D,Henn S,Menzel M-P.Emerging Cluster:Theoretical,Empirical and Political Perspectives on the Initial Stage of Cluster Evolution.Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2010:295-323.
[5]黄永春,郑江淮,谭洪波,等.后发地区发展战略性新兴产业的时机选择与赶超路径:以平板显示技术的赶超实践为例.科学学研究,2012,30(7):1031-1038.[Huang Yongchun,Zheng Jianghuai,Tan Hongbo,et al.The catch up path and time choice of backward area development strategic emerging industry:Taking flat panel display technology as example.Studies in Science of Science,2012,30(7):1031-1038.]
[6]汪明峰,卢姗.B2C电子商务发展的路径依赖:跨国比较分析.经济地理,2009,29(11):1861-1866.[Wang Mingfeng,Lu Shan.Path-dependency in the development of B2C e-commerce:A cross-countries comparative analysis.Economic Geography,2009,29(11):1861-1866.]
[7]Frenken K,Van Oort F,Verburg T.Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth.Regional Studies,2007,41(5):685-697.
[8]Klepper S.The capabilities of new firms and the evolution of the U.S.automobile industry.Industrial and Corporate Change,2002,11(4):645-666.
[9]Zhang J.Related variety,global connectivity and institutional embeddedness:Internet development in Beijing and Shanghai compared.Regional Studies,2013,47(7):1065-1081.
[10]李二玲,李小建.欠发达农区传统制造业集群的网络演化分析:以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺产业集群为例.地理研究,2009,28(3):738-750.[Li Erling,Li Xiaojian.The evolution of networks in traditional manufacturing clusters of undeveloped rural areas:The case of steel measuring tape cluster in Nanzhuang village,Yucheng county,Henan province.Geographical Research,2009,28(3):738-750.]
[11]尹贻梅,刘志高,刘卫东.路径依赖理论及其地方经济发展隐喻.地理研究,2012,31(5):782-791.[Yin Yimei,Liu Zhigao,Liu Weidong.Path-dependence and its implication for regional development.Geographical Research,2012,31(5):782-791.]
[12]刘志高,尹贻梅.演化经济地理学:当代西方经济地理学发展的新方向.国外社会科学,2006,(1):34-39.[Liu Zhigao,Yin Yimei.Evolutionary economic geography:A new direction for economic geography in contemporary western.Social Sciences Abroad,2006,(1):34-39.]
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[14]刘志高,尹贻梅,孙静.产业集群形成的演化经济地理学研究评述.地理科学进展,2011,30(6):652-657.[Liu Zhigao,Yin Yimei,Sun Jing.A review of the research progress on industrial cluster formation from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography.Progress in Geography,2011,30(6):652-657.]
[15]王周杨,胡晓辉,马木兰.演化经济地理的理论基础及其在集群研究中的应用.人文地理,2013,28(4):13-19.[Wang Zhouyang,Hu Xiaohui,Ma Mulan.The theoretical fundamentals of evolutionary economic geography and its application into cluster research.Human Geography,2013,28(4):13-19.]
[16]孟召宜,渠爱雪,李红瑞.基于文化经济共同演化视角的区域发展模式比较研究:以江苏省丰县、昆山为例.地理研究,2011,30(12):2186-2198.[Meng Zhaoyi,Qu Aixue,Li Hongrui.Comparative study of the regional development pattern based on co-evolution of culture and economy:A case study of Fengxian and Kunshan in Jiangsu.Geographical Research,2011,30(12):2186-2198.]
[17]马海涛,周春山,刘逸.地理、网络与信任:金融危机背景下的生产网络演化.地理研究,2012,31(6):1057-1065.[Ma Haitao,Zhou Chunshan,Liu Yi.Geography,networks and trust:The evolution of production networks in the context of global financial crisis.Geographical Research,2012,31(6):1057-1065.]
[18]樊新生,李小建.欠发达地区产业集群演化分析:以河南长垣卫生材料产业集群为例.经济地理,2009,29(1):113-118.[Fan Xinsheng,Li Xiaojian.The evolution of traditional industry cluster in less-developed area:A case study of the sanitary ware cluster in Changyuan county in Henan province.Economic Geography,2009,29(1):113-118.]
[19]马海涛,刘志高.地方生产网络空间结构演化过程与机制研究:以潮汕纺织服装行业为例.地理科学,2012,32(3):308-313.[Ma Haitao,Liu Zhigao.Spatial structure evolutionary process and mechanisms of local production networks:A case study of Chaoshan region in southeast China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(3):308-313.]
[20]中国电子信息产业发展研究院,赛迪顾问股份有限公司.中国物联网产业发展及应用实践.北京:电子工业出版社,2013.[China Center for Information Industry Development,CCID Consulting.The Development and Practice of the Io T Industry in China.Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2013.]
[21]Hoover E M.The Location of Economic Activity.New York:Mc Graw-Hill,1948.
[22]Henderson J V,Kuncoro A,Turner M.Industrial development in cities.Journal of Political Economy,1995,103:1067-1090.
[23]Boschma R A,Wenting R.The spatial evolution of the British automobile industry:Does location matter?.Industrial and Corporate Change,2007,16(2):213-238.
[24]汪明峰.城市新经济:中国大城市互联网产业的集群化发展.中国城市研究,2010?(第3辑):77-92.[Wang Mingfeng.The new economy in the cities:The development of internet industry clusters in the Chinese metropolitans.China Urban Studies,2010,(3 series):77-92.]
[25]Boschma R,Martin R.The aims and scope of evolutionary economic geography.In:Boschma R,Martin R.The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography.Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2010:3-39.
[26]David P A.Why are institutions the'carriers of history'?Path dependence and the evolution of conventions,organizations and institutions.Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,1994,5(2):205-220.
[27]David P A.Path dependence,its critics and the quest for"historical economics".In:Garrouste P,Ioannides S.Evolution and Path Dependence in Economic Ideas.Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2001:15-40.
[28]Sydow J,Schreyogg G,Koch J.Organizational paths:Path dependency and beyond.In:Proceedings of 21st EGOS Colloquium,Berlin,Germany,30 June-2 July,2005:1-42.
[29]Martin R,Sunley P.Path dependence and regional economic evolution.Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(4):395-437.
[30]Martin R,Sunley P.The place of path dependence in an evolutionary perspective on the economic landscape.In:Boschma R,Martin R.The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography.Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2010:62-92.
[31]Zook M A.The Geography of the Internet Industry:Venture Capital,Dot-coms and Local Knowledge.Oxford,UK:Blackwell,2005.
[32]Bresnahan T,Gambardella A.Building High-Tech Clusters:Silicon Valley and Beyond.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2004.
[33]Lambooy J G,Boschma R A.Evolutionary economics and regional policy.Annals of Regional Science,2001,35(1):113-133.
[34]Brachert M,Cantner U,Graf H,et al.Which regions benefit from emerging industries?.European Planning Studies,2013,21(11):1703-1707.
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