爱因斯坦探针:探索变幻多姿的X射线宇宙
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摘要
爱因斯坦探针(Einstein Probe,EP)是一颗面向时域天文学的、发现型的X射线天文探测卫星,是中国科学院空间科学战略性先导专项十三五规划的空间科学卫星系列任务之一.展望未来十年,时域天文学将进入一个前所未有的、多波段和多信使的大视场监测的黄金时代.在软X射线窗口,灵敏且快速的全天监测为我们提供了一个难得的科学机遇.EP卫星将在这一能段窗口开展时域巡天监测,旨在发现和探索宇宙中的X射线暂现源和爆发天体,并发布预警以引导其他天文设备进行后随跟踪观测.EP的科学载荷包括一台宽视场软X射线监视器(3600平方度,0.5–4 keV)和一台后随观测X射线望远镜(0.3–8 keV).卫星具有快速机动反应能力以及暂现源警报的快速下传功能.由于采用了新颖的微孔龙虾眼X射线聚焦成像技术,其探测灵敏度和空间分辨率比目前在轨运行设备提高了1个数量级,将能监测更远、更大的宇宙空间范围.预期EP将在以下三方面做出贡献:高能暂现天体的系统性巡天监测,发现隐身的沉寂黑洞并测绘宇宙黑洞的分布、研究其形成演化和物质吸积过程,搜寻来自引力波事件的X射线信号并精确定位等.此外,EP的探测目标还将包括从中子星、白矮星、超新星、宇宙早期伽玛暴、X射线闪到恒星耀发等众多的天体和现象,涉及广泛的天体物理学分支.卫星计划于2022年底左右发射.运行寿命为3年,目标5年.
The Einstein Probe is a small mission dedicated to time-domain astronomy to monitor the sky in the soft X-ray band(0.5–4 keV). It will carry out systematic survey and characterisation of high-energy transients at unprecedented sensitivity, spatial resolution, Grasp and monitoring cadence. Its wide-field imaging capability, as provided by an X-ray monitor with a field of view of 3600 square degrees, is enabled by using established technology of micro-pore lobster-eye focusing optics. Complementary to this wide-field instrument is a follow-up X-ray telescope with a large effective area and a narrow field of view. It is also capable of real time triggering and downlink of transient alerts on the fly, in order to activate multi-wavelength follow-up observations by other astronomical facilities worldwide. Its scientific goals are concerned with discovering new or rare types of transients, particularly tidal disruption events, supernova shock breakouts, high-redshift gamma-ray bursts and, particularly, electromagnetic sources associated with gravitational wave events. The mission is planned for launch around end of 2022, with a lifetime of three years and five years as a goal.
The Einstein Probe is a small mission dedicated to time-domain astronomy to monitor the sky in the soft X-ray band(0.5–4 keV). It will carry out systematic survey and characterisation of high-energy transients at unprecedented sensitivity, spatial resolution, Grasp and monitoring cadence. Its wide-field imaging capability, as provided by an X-ray monitor with a field of view of 3600 square degrees, is enabled by using established technology of micro-pore lobster-eye focusing optics. Complementary to this wide-field instrument is a follow-up X-ray telescope with a large effective area and a narrow field of view. It is also capable of real time triggering and downlink of transient alerts on the fly, in order to activate multi-wavelength follow-up observations by other astronomical facilities worldwide. Its scientific goals are concerned with discovering new or rare types of transients, particularly tidal disruption events, supernova shock breakouts, high-redshift gamma-ray bursts and, particularly, electromagnetic sources associated with gravitational wave events. The mission is planned for launch around end of 2022, with a lifetime of three years and five years as a goal.
引文
[1] Abbott B P,Abbott R,Abbott T D,et al.Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger.Phys Rev Lett,2016,116:061102,arXiv:1602.03837
2 Abbott B P,Abbott R,Abbott T D,et al.GW151226:Observation of gravitational waves from a 22-solar-mass binary black hole coalescence.Phys Rev Lett,2016,116:241103,arXiv:1606.04855
3 Abbott B P,Abbott R,Abbott T D,et al.GW170817:Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral.Phys Rev Lett,2017,119:161101
4 Gehrels N,Chincarini G,Giommi P,et al.The Swift gamma-ray burst mission.Astrophys J,2004,611:1005-1020
5 Matsuoka M,Kawasaki K,Ueno S,et al.The MAXI mission on the ISS:Science and instruments for monitoring all-sky X-ray images.Publ Astron Soc Jpn,2009,61:999-1010,arXiv:0906.0631
6 Gehrels N,Cannizzo J K.How Swift is redefining time domain astronomy.J High Energy Astrophys,2015,7:2-11,arXiv:1502.03064
7 Gehrels N,Barthelmy S D,Cannizzo J K.Time domain astronomy with Swift,Fermi and Lobster.In:Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,2011
8 Yuan W,Osborne J P,Zhang C,et al.Exploring the dynamic X-ray universe:Scientific opportunities for the Einstein Probe mission.Chin J Space Sci,2016,36:117-138
9 Yuan W,Amati L,Cannizzo J K,et al.Perspectives on gamma-ray burst physics and cosmology with next generation facilities.Space Sci Rev,2016,202:235-277,arXiv:1606.09536
10 Holt S S,Priedhorsky W.All-sky monitors for X-ray astronomy.Space Sci Rev,1987,45:269-289
11 Yuan W,Zhang C,Feng H,et al.Einstein Probe-A small mission to monitor and explore the dynamic X-ray universe.In:Proceedings of Swift:10Years of Discovery,Rome,2015
12 Rees M J.Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106-108 solar masses in nearby galaxies.Nature,1988,333:523-528
13 Komossa S,Bade N.The giant X-ray outbursts in NGC 5905 and IC 3599:Follow-up observations and outburst scenarios.Astrophys,1999,343:775-787,arXiv:astro-ph/9901141
14 Komossa S.Tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes:Status of observations.J High Energy Astrophys,2015,7:148-157,arXiv:1505.01093
15 Burrows D N,Kennea J A,Ghisellini G,et al.Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole.Nature,2011,476:421-424,arXiv:1104.4787
16 Liu F K,Li S,Komossa S.A milliparsec supermassive black hole binary candidate in the galaxy SDSS J120136.02+300305.5.Astrophys J,2013,786:103-117,arXiv:1404.4933
17 Liu Z,Yuan W M,Sun H,et al.Massive black holes and tidal disruption events at the center of galaxies(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039503[刘柱,袁为民,孙惠,等,星系中心大质量黑洞及潮汐瓦解恒星事件.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039503]
18 Remillard R A,McClintock J E.X-ray properties of black-hole binaries.Annu Rev Astron Astrophys,2006,44:49-92
19 Negoro H,et al.(MAXI team).Discovery of 17 X-ray transients with MAXI/GSC and their nature.In:Proceedings of 7 Years of MAXIMonitoring X-ray Transients,Saitama,2017.15-20
20 Feng H,Soria R.Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era.New Astron Rev,2011,55:166-183,arXiv:1109.1610
21 Middleton M J,Miller-Jones J C A,Markoff S,et al.Bright radio emission from an ultraluminous stellar-mass microquasar in M 31.Nature,2013,493:187-190,arXiv:1212.4698
22 Sippel A C,Hurley J R.Multiple stellar-mass black holes in globular clusters:Theoretical confirmation.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2013,430:L30-L34,arXiv:1211.6608
23 Gehrels N,Sarazin C L,O’Brien P T,et al.A shortγ-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225.Nature,2005,437:851-854
24 Li L X,Paczyński B.Transient events from neutron star mergers.Astrophys J,1998,507:L59-L62
25 Fan X L,Hendry M.Multimessenger astronomy.Physics,2015,18:1591-1595,arXiv:1509.06022
26 Schutz B F.Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations.Nature,1986,323:310-311
27 Nissanke S,Kasliwal M,Georgieva A.Identifying elusive electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave mergers:An end-to-end simulation.Astrophys J,2013,767:124,arXiv:1210.6362
28 Zhang B.Early X-ray and optical afterglow of gravitational wave bursts from mergers of binary neutron stars.Astrophys J,2013,763:L22,arXiv:1212.0773
29 Sun H,Zhang B,Gao H.X-ray counterpart of gravitational waves due to binary neutron star mergers:Light curves,luminosity function,and event rate density.Astrophys J,2017,835:7,arXiv:1610.03860
30 Gao H,Fan X L,Wu X F,et al.Detection of electromagnetic counterpart for gravitational wave bursts(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039504[高鹤,范锡龙,吴雪峰,等,引力波爆发事件的电磁对应体的探测.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039504]
31 Soderberg A M,Berger E,Page K L,et al.An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova.Nature,2008,453:469-474,arXiv:0802.1712
32 Deng J S,Wang X Y.On the detection of shock breakouts of core-collapse supernovae with the Einstein Probe satellite(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039506[邓劲松,王祥玉.爱因斯坦探针卫星的核塌缩超新星激波暴探测.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039506]
33 Bromm V,Loeb A.High-redshift gamma-ray bursts from population III progenitors.Astrophys J,2006,642:382-388
34 Ciardi B,Loeb A.Expected number and flux distribution of gamma-ray burst afterglows with high redshifts.Astrophys J,2000,540:687-696
35 Butler N R,Bloom J S,Poznanski D.The cosmic rate,luminosity function,and intrinsic correlations of long gamma-ray bursts.Astrophys J,2010,711:495-516,arXiv:0910.3341
36 Wei J J,Wu X F,Wang F Y,et al.High redshift gamma-ray bursts as a probe of the early universe and first stars(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039505[魏俊杰,吴雪峰,王发印,等.高红移爆发源作为早期宇宙和第一代天体的探针.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039505]
37 Li B,Sun H,Wang L J,et al.Special gamma-ray bursts and special radiation components from gamma-ray bursts(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039507[李兵,孙惠,王灵俊,等.特殊伽玛暴及伽玛暴的特殊辐射成分.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039507]
38 Kaneko Y,Ramirez-Ruiz E,Granot J,et al.Prompt and afterglow emission properties of gamma-ray bursts with spectroscopically identified supernovae.Astrophys J,2007,654:385-402
39 Levan A J,Tanvir N R,Starling R L C,et al.A new population of ultra-long duration gamma-ray bursts.Astrophys J,2014,781:13-34,arXiv:1302.2352
40 Hu Y D,Liang E W,Xi S Q,et al.Internal energy dissipation of gamma-ray bursts observed with Swift:Precursors,prompt gamma-rays,extended emission,and late X-ray flares.Astrophys J,2014,789:145-157,arXiv:1405.5949
41 Heise J,Zand J,Kippen M,et al.X-ray flashes and X-ray rich gamma ray bursts.In:Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era.Heidelberg:Springer,2001.16-21
42 Olausen S A,Kaspi V M.The mcgill magnetar catalog.Astrophys J,2014,212:6,arXiv:1309.4167
43 Wang Z X,Xu R X,Li X D,et al.Detecting magnetars with Einstein Probe(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039510[王仲翔,徐仁新,李向东,等.探测磁星的爆发.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039510]
44 Pretorius M L,Knigge C.The space density and X-ray luminosity function of non-magnetic cataclysmic variables.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2012,419:1442-1454,arXiv:1109.3162
45 Xu X J.Einstein Probe:Application on the observation of cataclysmic variables(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039511[徐晓杰.爱因斯坦探针在激变变星探测中的应用.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039511]
46 Mushotzky R F,Done C,Pounds K A.X-Ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei.Annu Rev Astron Astrophys,1993,31:717-761
47 McHardy I M,Koerding E,Knigge C,et al.Active galactic nuclei as scaled-up Galactic black holes.Nature,2006,444:730–732
48 Yuan W,Komossa S,Xu D,et al.Discovery of high-amplitude X-ray variability in the Seyfert-LINER transition galaxy NGC 7589.Mon Not RAstron Soc,2004,353:L29-L33
49 Xue Y Q,Shu X W,Zhou X L,et al.Einstein Probe’s scientific opportunities in the field of active galactic nuclei(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039508[薛永泉,舒新文,周新霖,等.EP在活动星系核研究领域的科学机遇.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039508]
50 Gou L J,Dong Y T,Wang Z X,et al.The X-ray binary system in the EP era(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039509[苟利军,董燕婷,王仲翔,等.X射线双星系统的探测.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039509]
51 Angel J R P.Lobster eyes as X-ray telescopes.Astrophys J,1979,233:364-373
52 Fraser G W,Carpenter J D,Rothery D A,et al.The mercury imaging X-ray spectrometer(MIXS)on bepicolombo.Planet Space Sci,2010,58:79-95
53 Zhao D,Zhang C,Yuan W,et al.Geant4 simulations of a wide-angle X-ray focusing telescope.Exp Astron,2017,43:267-283,arXiv:1703.09380
1)“New Worlds,New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics”,2010 Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics,National Research Council,The National Academies Press,USA
2 Abbott B P,Abbott R,Abbott T D,et al.GW151226:Observation of gravitational waves from a 22-solar-mass binary black hole coalescence.Phys Rev Lett,2016,116:241103,arXiv:1606.04855
3 Abbott B P,Abbott R,Abbott T D,et al.GW170817:Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral.Phys Rev Lett,2017,119:161101
4 Gehrels N,Chincarini G,Giommi P,et al.The Swift gamma-ray burst mission.Astrophys J,2004,611:1005-1020
5 Matsuoka M,Kawasaki K,Ueno S,et al.The MAXI mission on the ISS:Science and instruments for monitoring all-sky X-ray images.Publ Astron Soc Jpn,2009,61:999-1010,arXiv:0906.0631
6 Gehrels N,Cannizzo J K.How Swift is redefining time domain astronomy.J High Energy Astrophys,2015,7:2-11,arXiv:1502.03064
7 Gehrels N,Barthelmy S D,Cannizzo J K.Time domain astronomy with Swift,Fermi and Lobster.In:Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union,2011
8 Yuan W,Osborne J P,Zhang C,et al.Exploring the dynamic X-ray universe:Scientific opportunities for the Einstein Probe mission.Chin J Space Sci,2016,36:117-138
9 Yuan W,Amati L,Cannizzo J K,et al.Perspectives on gamma-ray burst physics and cosmology with next generation facilities.Space Sci Rev,2016,202:235-277,arXiv:1606.09536
10 Holt S S,Priedhorsky W.All-sky monitors for X-ray astronomy.Space Sci Rev,1987,45:269-289
11 Yuan W,Zhang C,Feng H,et al.Einstein Probe-A small mission to monitor and explore the dynamic X-ray universe.In:Proceedings of Swift:10Years of Discovery,Rome,2015
12 Rees M J.Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106-108 solar masses in nearby galaxies.Nature,1988,333:523-528
13 Komossa S,Bade N.The giant X-ray outbursts in NGC 5905 and IC 3599:Follow-up observations and outburst scenarios.Astrophys,1999,343:775-787,arXiv:astro-ph/9901141
14 Komossa S.Tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes:Status of observations.J High Energy Astrophys,2015,7:148-157,arXiv:1505.01093
15 Burrows D N,Kennea J A,Ghisellini G,et al.Relativistic jet activity from the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole.Nature,2011,476:421-424,arXiv:1104.4787
16 Liu F K,Li S,Komossa S.A milliparsec supermassive black hole binary candidate in the galaxy SDSS J120136.02+300305.5.Astrophys J,2013,786:103-117,arXiv:1404.4933
17 Liu Z,Yuan W M,Sun H,et al.Massive black holes and tidal disruption events at the center of galaxies(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039503[刘柱,袁为民,孙惠,等,星系中心大质量黑洞及潮汐瓦解恒星事件.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039503]
18 Remillard R A,McClintock J E.X-ray properties of black-hole binaries.Annu Rev Astron Astrophys,2006,44:49-92
19 Negoro H,et al.(MAXI team).Discovery of 17 X-ray transients with MAXI/GSC and their nature.In:Proceedings of 7 Years of MAXIMonitoring X-ray Transients,Saitama,2017.15-20
20 Feng H,Soria R.Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era.New Astron Rev,2011,55:166-183,arXiv:1109.1610
21 Middleton M J,Miller-Jones J C A,Markoff S,et al.Bright radio emission from an ultraluminous stellar-mass microquasar in M 31.Nature,2013,493:187-190,arXiv:1212.4698
22 Sippel A C,Hurley J R.Multiple stellar-mass black holes in globular clusters:Theoretical confirmation.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2013,430:L30-L34,arXiv:1211.6608
23 Gehrels N,Sarazin C L,O’Brien P T,et al.A shortγ-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225.Nature,2005,437:851-854
24 Li L X,Paczyński B.Transient events from neutron star mergers.Astrophys J,1998,507:L59-L62
25 Fan X L,Hendry M.Multimessenger astronomy.Physics,2015,18:1591-1595,arXiv:1509.06022
26 Schutz B F.Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations.Nature,1986,323:310-311
27 Nissanke S,Kasliwal M,Georgieva A.Identifying elusive electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave mergers:An end-to-end simulation.Astrophys J,2013,767:124,arXiv:1210.6362
28 Zhang B.Early X-ray and optical afterglow of gravitational wave bursts from mergers of binary neutron stars.Astrophys J,2013,763:L22,arXiv:1212.0773
29 Sun H,Zhang B,Gao H.X-ray counterpart of gravitational waves due to binary neutron star mergers:Light curves,luminosity function,and event rate density.Astrophys J,2017,835:7,arXiv:1610.03860
30 Gao H,Fan X L,Wu X F,et al.Detection of electromagnetic counterpart for gravitational wave bursts(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039504[高鹤,范锡龙,吴雪峰,等,引力波爆发事件的电磁对应体的探测.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039504]
31 Soderberg A M,Berger E,Page K L,et al.An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova.Nature,2008,453:469-474,arXiv:0802.1712
32 Deng J S,Wang X Y.On the detection of shock breakouts of core-collapse supernovae with the Einstein Probe satellite(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039506[邓劲松,王祥玉.爱因斯坦探针卫星的核塌缩超新星激波暴探测.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039506]
33 Bromm V,Loeb A.High-redshift gamma-ray bursts from population III progenitors.Astrophys J,2006,642:382-388
34 Ciardi B,Loeb A.Expected number and flux distribution of gamma-ray burst afterglows with high redshifts.Astrophys J,2000,540:687-696
35 Butler N R,Bloom J S,Poznanski D.The cosmic rate,luminosity function,and intrinsic correlations of long gamma-ray bursts.Astrophys J,2010,711:495-516,arXiv:0910.3341
36 Wei J J,Wu X F,Wang F Y,et al.High redshift gamma-ray bursts as a probe of the early universe and first stars(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039505[魏俊杰,吴雪峰,王发印,等.高红移爆发源作为早期宇宙和第一代天体的探针.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039505]
37 Li B,Sun H,Wang L J,et al.Special gamma-ray bursts and special radiation components from gamma-ray bursts(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039507[李兵,孙惠,王灵俊,等.特殊伽玛暴及伽玛暴的特殊辐射成分.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039507]
38 Kaneko Y,Ramirez-Ruiz E,Granot J,et al.Prompt and afterglow emission properties of gamma-ray bursts with spectroscopically identified supernovae.Astrophys J,2007,654:385-402
39 Levan A J,Tanvir N R,Starling R L C,et al.A new population of ultra-long duration gamma-ray bursts.Astrophys J,2014,781:13-34,arXiv:1302.2352
40 Hu Y D,Liang E W,Xi S Q,et al.Internal energy dissipation of gamma-ray bursts observed with Swift:Precursors,prompt gamma-rays,extended emission,and late X-ray flares.Astrophys J,2014,789:145-157,arXiv:1405.5949
41 Heise J,Zand J,Kippen M,et al.X-ray flashes and X-ray rich gamma ray bursts.In:Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era.Heidelberg:Springer,2001.16-21
42 Olausen S A,Kaspi V M.The mcgill magnetar catalog.Astrophys J,2014,212:6,arXiv:1309.4167
43 Wang Z X,Xu R X,Li X D,et al.Detecting magnetars with Einstein Probe(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039510[王仲翔,徐仁新,李向东,等.探测磁星的爆发.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039510]
44 Pretorius M L,Knigge C.The space density and X-ray luminosity function of non-magnetic cataclysmic variables.Mon Not R Astron Soc,2012,419:1442-1454,arXiv:1109.3162
45 Xu X J.Einstein Probe:Application on the observation of cataclysmic variables(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039511[徐晓杰.爱因斯坦探针在激变变星探测中的应用.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039511]
46 Mushotzky R F,Done C,Pounds K A.X-Ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei.Annu Rev Astron Astrophys,1993,31:717-761
47 McHardy I M,Koerding E,Knigge C,et al.Active galactic nuclei as scaled-up Galactic black holes.Nature,2006,444:730–732
48 Yuan W,Komossa S,Xu D,et al.Discovery of high-amplitude X-ray variability in the Seyfert-LINER transition galaxy NGC 7589.Mon Not RAstron Soc,2004,353:L29-L33
49 Xue Y Q,Shu X W,Zhou X L,et al.Einstein Probe’s scientific opportunities in the field of active galactic nuclei(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039508[薛永泉,舒新文,周新霖,等.EP在活动星系核研究领域的科学机遇.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039508]
50 Gou L J,Dong Y T,Wang Z X,et al.The X-ray binary system in the EP era(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2018,48:039509[苟利军,董燕婷,王仲翔,等.X射线双星系统的探测.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2018,48:039509]
51 Angel J R P.Lobster eyes as X-ray telescopes.Astrophys J,1979,233:364-373
52 Fraser G W,Carpenter J D,Rothery D A,et al.The mercury imaging X-ray spectrometer(MIXS)on bepicolombo.Planet Space Sci,2010,58:79-95
53 Zhao D,Zhang C,Yuan W,et al.Geant4 simulations of a wide-angle X-ray focusing telescope.Exp Astron,2017,43:267-283,arXiv:1703.09380
1)“New Worlds,New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics”,2010 Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics,National Research Council,The National Academies Press,USA