沙坡头区直插式根灌条件下土壤水分变化分析
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摘要
为提高沙坡头地区造林过程中的水分利用效率,制定最优化的灌溉制度,在宁夏中卫沙坡头自然保护区,两年生固沙梭梭(Haloxy lonammodendron)林展开直插式根灌节水试验,分析和模拟直插式根灌过程中土壤水分入渗和消退规律。结果表明:1)直插式根灌过程中,土壤含水量随灌水时间的变化符合Logistic曲线变化;停灌后,土壤水分消退规律符合幂函数模型变化。2)本试验条件下,不同土层土壤水分最大入渗速率依次为60 cm>40 cm>80 cm>100 cm>20 cm,达到最大入渗速率的时间40 cm土层最短,平均为1.22 h,100 cm土层最长,平均为4.57 h;1 m深土层土壤水分最大入渗速率平均为1.65%·h-1,达到最大入渗速率的时间平均为2.16 h。3)根据模拟结果,建议沙坡头区梭梭林直插式根灌灌溉周期为4 d左右,单次灌水时间以6~10 h为宜。4)停灌2 h后,各土层土壤含水量消退速率随土层深度增加而增大,停灌后48 h,各土层土壤水分消退速率基本为零;梭梭全生长期,1 m深土层土壤水分消退速率在结实期最大,为2.20%·h-1,休眠期最小,为1.31%·h-1。5)直插式根灌对20 cm土层土壤水分的影响最小,对60 cm土层土壤水分影响最大;灌溉过程中,土壤水分等值线以60 cm土层等值线为中心,向表层和深层土壤辐射状分布,灌后各土层平均土壤含水量,20 cm和60 cm土层与其他各土层之间差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,直插式根灌的土壤水分入渗规律符合Logistic曲线变化,消退规律符合幂函数曲线变化,直插式根灌对20 cm土层土壤水分的影响最小,对60 cm土层土壤水分影响最大,沙坡头区梭梭林直插式根灌灌溉周期为4 d左右,单次灌水时间以6~10 h为宜。
In order to improve water use efficiency of afforestation drive in Shapotou Area, straight-tube root irrigation test was carried out on biennial sand-fixation Haloxy lonammodendron in Shapotou Nature Reserve Area in Zhongwei, Ningxia. Thetest aimed to study the variation rules of soil moisture in the 0-100 cm soil profile under straight-tube root irrigation. The aqueduct length of straight-tube root irrigation was 40 cm and water seepage micro-porous were distributed at 30-40 cm end section of the aqueduct. Soil water content was measured by the TDR soil moisture recorder at a time interval of 1 h. Based on the recorded data, the variations in soil water under straight-tube root irrigation was analyzed. The results showed that: 1) for the period of root irrigation, the Logistic curve well described the variations in soil water content with irrigation time. After the stop of irrigation, however, the variation in soil water content degeneration was best described by power function model. 2) The maximum soil water infiltration rates of different layers were in the ranked sequence of 60 cm > 40 cm > 80 cm > 100 cm > 20 cm. The shortest time needed to reach the maximum infiltration rate was in the 40 cm soil layer(with an average time of 1.22 h) and the longest time was in the 100 cm soil layer(with an average time of 4.57 h). The average maximum infiltration rate of 1 m soil profile was 1.65%·h-1 and the average time needed to reach the maximum infiltration rate of 1 m soil profile was 2.16 h. 3) Based on the fitted curves, it was suggested that the optimum straight-tube root irrigation cycle of H. lonammodendron forest in Shapotou was approximately 4 d and each single irrigation time was 6-10 h. 4) After stopping irrigating for 2 h, the rate of recession of soil moisture increased with increasing soil depth. Also after stopping irrigation for 48 h, the rate of degeneration of soil water content in all soil layers was almost zero. During the growing period of H. lonammodendron, the rate of degeneration of soil water in the 1 m soil layer reached the maximum of 2.20%·h-1 during grain-filling period and reached the minimum of 1.31%·h-1 during aestivation period. 5) The straight-tube root irrigation had the minimal effect on soil water content in the 20 cm soil layer, but the biggest influence on the 60 cm soil layer. During irrigation, the constant value line of soil water content centered on the 60 cm deep line which radially distributed into the surface and deep soil layers. After irrigation, average soil water contents in the 20 cm and 60 cm soil layers were significantly different(P < 0.05) from those of the other layers. The research showed that the law of soil water infiltration in straight-tube root irrigation followed the Logistic curve, the regression rule followed the power function curve, and the straight-tube root irrigation had the minimum impact on soil water in the 20 cm layer and had the maximum impact on soil water in the 60 cm layer. The irrigation cycle of straight-tube root irrigation for H. lonammodendron in Shapotou Area was approximately 4 days and the recommended single irrigation time was 6-10 h.
In order to improve water use efficiency of afforestation drive in Shapotou Area, straight-tube root irrigation test was carried out on biennial sand-fixation Haloxy lonammodendron in Shapotou Nature Reserve Area in Zhongwei, Ningxia. Thetest aimed to study the variation rules of soil moisture in the 0-100 cm soil profile under straight-tube root irrigation. The aqueduct length of straight-tube root irrigation was 40 cm and water seepage micro-porous were distributed at 30-40 cm end section of the aqueduct. Soil water content was measured by the TDR soil moisture recorder at a time interval of 1 h. Based on the recorded data, the variations in soil water under straight-tube root irrigation was analyzed. The results showed that: 1) for the period of root irrigation, the Logistic curve well described the variations in soil water content with irrigation time. After the stop of irrigation, however, the variation in soil water content degeneration was best described by power function model. 2) The maximum soil water infiltration rates of different layers were in the ranked sequence of 60 cm > 40 cm > 80 cm > 100 cm > 20 cm. The shortest time needed to reach the maximum infiltration rate was in the 40 cm soil layer(with an average time of 1.22 h) and the longest time was in the 100 cm soil layer(with an average time of 4.57 h). The average maximum infiltration rate of 1 m soil profile was 1.65%·h-1 and the average time needed to reach the maximum infiltration rate of 1 m soil profile was 2.16 h. 3) Based on the fitted curves, it was suggested that the optimum straight-tube root irrigation cycle of H. lonammodendron forest in Shapotou was approximately 4 d and each single irrigation time was 6-10 h. 4) After stopping irrigating for 2 h, the rate of recession of soil moisture increased with increasing soil depth. Also after stopping irrigation for 48 h, the rate of degeneration of soil water content in all soil layers was almost zero. During the growing period of H. lonammodendron, the rate of degeneration of soil water in the 1 m soil layer reached the maximum of 2.20%·h-1 during grain-filling period and reached the minimum of 1.31%·h-1 during aestivation period. 5) The straight-tube root irrigation had the minimal effect on soil water content in the 20 cm soil layer, but the biggest influence on the 60 cm soil layer. During irrigation, the constant value line of soil water content centered on the 60 cm deep line which radially distributed into the surface and deep soil layers. After irrigation, average soil water contents in the 20 cm and 60 cm soil layers were significantly different(P < 0.05) from those of the other layers. The research showed that the law of soil water infiltration in straight-tube root irrigation followed the Logistic curve, the regression rule followed the power function curve, and the straight-tube root irrigation had the minimum impact on soil water in the 20 cm layer and had the maximum impact on soil water in the 60 cm layer. The irrigation cycle of straight-tube root irrigation for H. lonammodendron in Shapotou Area was approximately 4 days and the recommended single irrigation time was 6-10 h.
引文
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[4]杜虎林,王涛,肖洪浪,等.塔里木沙漠公路防护林带根灌节水试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(3):522–527Du H L,Wang T,Xiao H L,et al.Root irrigation experiments used in the protective forest belt along the Tarim desert highway[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(3):522–527
[5]邵立威,孙宏勇,陈素英,等.根土系统中的根系水力提升研究综述[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(5):1080–1085Shao L W,Sun H Y,Chen S Y,et al.An overview of root hydraulic lift in root-soil systems[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(5):1080–1085
[6]鲍忠文,杜虎林,史学斌,等.用微型蒸渗仪测验根灌节水潜力的田间试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(1):160–166Bao Z W,Du H L,Shi X B,et al.A comparison between the rhizospheric irrigation and the drip irrigation by monitoring the soil evaporation with micro-lysimeters[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(1):160–166
[7]马文艺,杜虎林,史学斌.塔里木河下游枣树根灌需水量与灌溉制度研究[J].西北农业学报,2014,23(11):92–99Ma W Y,Du H L,Shi X B.Water demand and irrigation scheduling of root-zone irrigation for Jujube tree in the downstream area of Tarim River[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2014,23(11):92–99
[8]杜虎林,马文艺,冯起,等.塔里木河下游垦区枣树灌溉土壤水分变化分析[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(3):773–779Du H L,Ma W Y,Feng Q,et al.Soil moisture variation after irrigation in Zizipubs jujube field in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(3):773–779
[9]陈佰鸿,曹建东,王利军,等.不同滴灌条件下土壤水分分布与运移规律[J].节水灌溉,2010(7):6–9Chen B H,Cao J D,Wang L J,et al.Research on distribution and movement rules of soil water under different drip irrigation conditions[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2010(7):6–9
[10]张志刚,李宏,李疆,等.地表滴灌条件下滴灌量对土壤水分入渗、再分布过程的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(1):174–181Zhang Z G,Li H,Li J,et al.Effects of irrigation amount on soil water infiltration and redistribution under drip irrigation[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(1):174–181
[11]陈小三.地面滴灌及地下滴灌土壤水分运移规律室内试验研究[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2011:13–39Chen X S.Laboratory experimental study on soil-water movement of surface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation[D].Changchun:Jilin Agricultural University,2011:13–39
[12]Liu M X,Yang J S,Li X M,et al.Distribution and dynamics of soil water and salt under different drip irrigation regimes in northwest China[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):675–688
[13]张金珠,王振华,虎胆·吐马尔白.秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花土壤水盐运移及根系分布的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(12):1467–1476Zhang J Z,Wang Z H,Hudan·TUMAREI.Influence of straw mulching on soil water/salt movement and cotton root distribution under drip irrigation[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(12):1467–1476
[14]Min W,Hou Z A,Ma L J,et al.Effects of water salinity and N application rate on water-and N-use efficiency of cotton under drip irrigation[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(4):454–467
[15]黄耀华,王侃,杨剑虹.滴灌施肥条件下土壤水分和速效氮迁移分布规律[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):87–94Huang Y H,Wang K,Yang J H.Distribution of soil water and available nitrogen in purple soil under drip fertilization[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):87–94
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