三塘湖盆地条湖组含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层特征
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摘要
含沉积有机质凝灰岩是三塘湖盆地一种特殊类型的致密储层,对这套含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层的研究将为提高我们对非常规致密储层的认识提供一个很好的机会。文中通过凝灰岩样品岩石矿物组成、薄片、扫描电镜、石英结晶度和物性等的分析,阐述了三塘湖盆地二叠系条湖组含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层的特征。结果表明:条湖组凝灰岩致密储层的岩石类型主要有玻屑凝灰岩和晶屑玻屑凝灰岩,凝灰岩中最主要的矿物是石英,平均含量可以达到50%以上。凝灰岩致密储层的储集空间类型可以分为脱玻化作用形成的矿物粒间孔,溶蚀作用形成的粒内孔、无机矿物粒内孔和黏土矿物粒内孔,有机质孔以及裂缝。凝灰岩储层的物性具有高孔低渗的特点,孔隙度主要分布在10%~25%,空气渗透率主要分布在(0.01~0.5)×10-3μm2,凝灰岩火山玻璃质的脱玻化作用是导致凝灰岩储层高孔低渗的主要因素,脱玻化形成的粒间孔体积小但数量巨大造成了凝灰岩总孔隙度较高,孔隙喉道半径极小又导致渗透率很低。凝灰岩储层物性主要受原始火山灰的组分以及脱玻化程度的控制,玻屑凝灰岩比晶屑玻屑凝灰岩储层物性好,脱玻化程度越高储层物性越好,而脱玻化程度主要受凝灰岩的埋深(温度)、有机质(有机酸)含量等因素控制。
Sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff is a special type of tight reservoirs in the Santanghu Basin.The study of sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff in the Santanghu Basin will provide a good opportunity to improve our knowledge of unconventional tight reservoir.Based on thin section examination,field emission environmental scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,measurements of quartz crystallinity index,reservoir physical property,etc.,the reservoir characteristics of sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff in Tiaohu Formation are studied in this paper.The results indicate that vitric tuff and crystal-vitric tuff are the main rock types of tight reservoirs in Tiaohu Formation.The most important mineral in tuffs is quartz,with average content over 50%.Reservoir space types are mainly micro-nano scale interparticle pores caused by the devitrification of tuffs,as well as dissolution intraparticle pores,interparticle pores of inorganic minerals and clays,and pores within organic matter.Besides,fractures are also important reservoir space.Tight tuff reservoirs are characterized by high porosity ranging from 10% to 25% and low permeability mainly in the range of(0.01-0.5)×10-3μm2.High total porosity is caused by small volume but large quantities of micro-nano scale pores from the devitrification,and low permeability is attributed to the very small throat radius of pores.The physical property of tuffs is mainly affected by the composition of the volcanic ash and the degree of devitrification which can be characterized by quartz crystallinity index.The physical property of vitric tuff is better than that of crystal-vitric tuff.The degree of devitrification is mainly controlled by the depth(temperature)of tuff and the organic acid content.
Sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff is a special type of tight reservoirs in the Santanghu Basin.The study of sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff in the Santanghu Basin will provide a good opportunity to improve our knowledge of unconventional tight reservoir.Based on thin section examination,field emission environmental scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,measurements of quartz crystallinity index,reservoir physical property,etc.,the reservoir characteristics of sedimentary organic matter-bearing tuff in Tiaohu Formation are studied in this paper.The results indicate that vitric tuff and crystal-vitric tuff are the main rock types of tight reservoirs in Tiaohu Formation.The most important mineral in tuffs is quartz,with average content over 50%.Reservoir space types are mainly micro-nano scale interparticle pores caused by the devitrification of tuffs,as well as dissolution intraparticle pores,interparticle pores of inorganic minerals and clays,and pores within organic matter.Besides,fractures are also important reservoir space.Tight tuff reservoirs are characterized by high porosity ranging from 10% to 25% and low permeability mainly in the range of(0.01-0.5)×10-3μm2.High total porosity is caused by small volume but large quantities of micro-nano scale pores from the devitrification,and low permeability is attributed to the very small throat radius of pores.The physical property of tuffs is mainly affected by the composition of the volcanic ash and the degree of devitrification which can be characterized by quartz crystallinity index.The physical property of vitric tuff is better than that of crystal-vitric tuff.The degree of devitrification is mainly controlled by the depth(temperature)of tuff and the organic acid content.
引文
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[2]Clarkson C R,Pedemen P K.Production analysis of western Canadian unconventional light oil plays[J].SPE,2011:149005.
[3]贾承造,邹才能,李建忠,等.中国致密油评价标准、主要类型、基本特征及资源前景[J].石油学报,2012,33(3):343-350.
[4]Kuhn P P,di Primio R,Hill R,et al.Three-dimensional modeling study of the low-permeability petroleum system of the Bakken Formation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96:1867-1897.
[5]贾承造,郑民,张永峰.中国非常规油气资源与勘探开发前景[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(2):129-136.
[6]孙玉善,白新民,桑洪,等.沉积盆地火山岩油气生储系统分析:以新疆准噶尔盆地乌夏地区早二叠世风城组为例[J].地学前缘,2011,18(4):212-218.
[7]梁浩,李新宁,马强,等.三塘湖盆地条湖组致密油地质特征及勘探潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(5):563-572.
[8]高瑞琴,杨继波,丛培栋,等.二连油田沉凝灰岩储层特征分析[J].测井技术,2006,30(4):330-333.
[9]宫清顺,倪国辉,芦淑萍,等.准噶尔盆地乌尔禾油田凝灰质岩成因及储层特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(4):481-485.
[10]Atri A D,Pierre F D,Lanza R,et al.Distinguishing primary and resedimented vitric volcaniclastic layers in the Burdigalian carbonate shelf deposits in Monferrato(NW Italy)[J].Sedimentary Geology,1999,129:143-163.
[11]Haaland H J,Furnes H,Martinsen O J.Paleogene tuffaceous intervals,Grane Field(Block 25/11),Norwegian North Sea:Their depositional,petrographical,geochemical character and regional implications[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:101-118.
[12]邱欣卫,刘池洋,毛光周,等.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组火山灰沉积物岩石地球化学特征[J].地球科学,2011,36(1):139-150.
[13]Dunggen S,Olgun N,Croot P.The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron-cycle:A review[J].Biogeosciences,2010,7(3):827-844.
[14]童晓光,郭建宇,王兆明.非常规油气地质理论与技术进展[J].地学前缘,2014,21(1):9-20.
[15]王鹏,潘建国,魏东涛,等.新型烃源岩:沉凝灰岩[J].西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2011,26(4):19-22.
[16]邹才能.火山岩油气地质[M].北京:地质出版社,2012.
[17]李军,王炜,王书勋.青西油田沉凝灰岩储集特征[J].新疆石油地质,2004,25(3):288-290.
[18]柳益群,李红,朱玉双,等.白云岩成因探讨:新疆三塘湖盆地发现二叠系湖相喷流型热水白云岩[J].沉积学报,2010,28(5):861-867.
[19]高岗,李华明,梁浩,等.三塘湖盆地侏罗系油气来源与油气成藏模式[J].天然气地球科学,2010,21(1):18-25.
[20]马剑,黄志龙,李华明,等.马朗凹陷断裂-烃源岩空间配置关系与石油垂向运移特征[J].沉积学报,2012,30(6):1140-1148.
[21]张枝焕,关强.新疆三塘湖盆地侏罗系油源分析[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,1998,22(5):37-41.
[22]Zhu Y F,Zhang L F,Gu L B,et al.The zircon shrimp chronology and trace element geochemistry of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks in western Tianshan Mountains[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50:2201-2212.
[23]Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96:1071-1098.
[24]Zhao X Z,Li Q,Jiang Z X,et al.Organic geochemistry and reservoir characterization of the organic matter-rich calcilutite in the Shulu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,North China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,51:239-255.
[25]Mchenry L J.Element mobility during zeolitic and argillic alteration of volcanic ash in a closed-basin lacustrine environment:Case study Olduvai Gorge,Tanzania[J].Chemical Geology,2009,265:540-552.
[26]Kirov G,Samajova E,Nedialkov R,et al.Alteration processes and products of acid pyroclastic rocks in Bulgaria and Slovakia[J].Clay Minerals,2011,46(2):279-294.
[27]赵海玲,黄微,王成,等.火山岩中脱玻化孔及其对储层的贡献[J].石油与天然气地质,2009,30(1):47-52.
[28]Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2009,79:848-861.
[29]Loucks R G,Ruppel S C.Mississippian Barnett Shale:Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91:579-601.
[30]Curtis M E,Cardott B J,Songdergeld C H.Development of organic porosity in the Woodford shale with increasing thermal maturity[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2012,103:26-31.
[31]Gale J F,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91:603-622.
[32]杨献忠.酸性火山玻璃的脱玻化作用[J].火山地质与矿产,1993,14(2):73-81.
[33]张本琪,余宏忠,姜在兴,等.应用阴极发光技术研究母岩性质及成岩环境[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(3):117-120.
[34]彭惠娟,汪雄武,唐菊兴,等.石英阴极发光在火成岩研究中的应用[J].岩矿测试,2010,29(2):153-160.
[35]何明跃,王濮.石英的结晶度指数及其标型意义[J].矿物岩石,1994,14(3):22-28.
[36]赵剑波,陈洪云,宋友桂,等.黄土中石英的含量与结晶度指数的测定[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(5):131-135.
[37]Nagashima K,Tada R,Tana A,et al.Contribution of Aeolian dust in Japan Sea sediments estimated from ESR signal intensity and crystallinity of quartz[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2007,8:1002-1004.
[38]Murata K J,Norman M B.An index of crystallinity for quartz[J].American Journal of Science,1976,276:1120-1130.
[39]Marinoni N,Broekmans M A T M.Microstructure of selected aggregate quartz by XRD,and a critical review of the crystallinity index[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2013,54:215-225.
[40]Gíslason S R,Oelkers E H.Mechanism,rates and consequences of basaltic glass dissolution:An experimental study of the dissolution rates of basaltic glass as a function of pH and temperature[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2003,67(20):3817-3832.
[41]Wolff D,Gíslason S R,Oelkers E H,et al.The dissolution rates of natural glasses as a function of their composition at pH 4and 10.6,and temperatures from 25℃to 74℃[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004,68(23):4843-4858.
[42]Declercq J,Diedrich T,Perrot M,et al.Experimental determination of rhyolitic glass dissolution rates at 40-200℃and2
[44]MacGowan D B,Surdam R C.Difunctional carboxylic acid anions in oilfield waters[J].Organic Geochemistry,1988,12(3):245-259.
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