吉林省森林火灾火源数据特征分析
|
摘要
【目的】根据吉林省1969―2013年森林火灾资料,分析吉林省森林火灾火源的特点,为火源管理和森林防火工作提供参考。【方法】以吉林省森林火灾资料数据为基础,利用Microsoft Office Excel绘制图表分析森林火灾火源的年际变化,确定目前吉林省森林火灾的主要火源;利用单因素方差分析方法分析主要火源之间的显著差异关系,根据多重比较结果和均值图得出各火源对森林的危害程度。【结果】吉林省1969―2013年已查明火源的森林火灾为5 216起,占总森林火灾次数的75.35%;过火总面积合计达103 162.70 hm~2,占总过火面积的63.63%;受害森林面积合计达51 316.88 hm~2,占总受害森林面积的55.15%。吉林省共有森林火灾火源23种,目前主要火源为烧荒烧灰、故意放火、祭祀用火、外国烧入、野外取暖做饭、野外吸烟。烧荒烧灰、外国烧入和野外吸烟一直是吉林省森林火灾的主要火源,3种火源引起的森林火灾次数、受害森林面积和过火总面积分别占总的64.63%、71.90%和67.33%;故意放火、祭祀用火、野外取暖做饭有明显"抬头"趋势。以烧荒烧灰发生次数最多,并主要集中在1969—1985年,由烧荒烧灰引起的森林火灾占总次数的41.78%,对森林的危害最大,占总受害森林面积的54.17%。野外吸烟引起的森林火灾极为频繁,在1969—2013年呈连续状态,每年都有发生,占总次数的22.03%,对森林危害也较大,占总受害森林面积的15.51%。由外国烧入引起的森林火灾1974―2013年共发生43起,仅占总次数的0.82%,但对森林的危害极大,占总受害森林面积的2.22%。祭祀用火引起的森林火灾在1970―1989年发生较为频繁,1990年开始逐渐减少,但从2002年开始有"抬头"趋势,并主要发生在4月清明节前后,占总次数的9.51%。吉林省6种主要火源每次危害程度大小依次为外国烧入、野外取暖做饭、烧荒烧灰、野外吸烟、祭祀用火、故意放火。特别是外国烧入火源如果控制不力,很有可能发展为重特大森林火灾。【结论】吉林省森林火灾的主要火源现为烧荒烧灰、故意放火、祭祀用火、外国烧入、野外取暖做饭、野外吸烟,应加强防控。
Based on the forest fire data in Jilin from 1969 to 2013,the characteristics of the forest fire sources were analyzed,which would provide reference for fire source management and forest fire prevention in Jilin Province.【Method】Based on the forest fire data of Jilin Province,the interannual variation of forest fire sources in Jilin Province were analyzed by using Microsoft Office Excel to draw charts,by which the main fire sources of forest fires in Jilin Province were determined. The significant differences between the main fire sources were analyzed by using One-Way ANOVA,and damage level of fire sources was obtained according to the results of multiple comparisons and the mean value map.【Result】The number of forest fires with known fire sources was 5 216 from 1969 to 2013 in Jilin Province,accounting for75. 35% of the total forest fires; the burnt area was 103 162. 70 hm~2,accounting for 63. 63% of the total fire area; the burnt forest area was 51 316. 88 hm~2,accounting for 55. 15% of the total burnt forest area. At present,there are 23 forest fire sources in Jilin Province and the main forest fire sources are crop residue burning,arson,sacrificing fire,Foreign burning,heating and cooking in the wild,smoking in the field,especially crop residue,foreign burning,and smoking.The number of forest fires,forest area burnt,and total area burnt resulting from the three fire sources accounted for64. 63%,71. 90%,and 67. 33% of the total,respectively. The arson,sacrificing fire,and field heating and cooking have obvious rising trend. Crop residue burning occurred most frequently and concentrated mainly in 1969 to 1985. Forest fires caused by crop residue burning accounted for 41. 78% of the total number,and their damage to the forest was the biggest,accounting for 54. 17% of the total. Forest fires resulting from smoking occurred very frequently(22. 03%) and remained continuous state from 1969 to 2013 causing significant damage(15. 51%). Forest fires caused by transit fire from 1974 to 2013 totaled 43(0. 82%),but did real harm(2. 22%) to the forest. Forest fires caused by sacrificing fire occurred more frequently from 1970 to 1989,and went down gradually from 1990,but started to go up in 2002. Due to such activity as paper burning around Tomb-Sweeping Day in April,sacrificing fire accounted for 9. 51% of the total number. Foreign burning brought the biggest damage every time,followed by field heating and cooking,crop residue burning,smoking,sacrificing fire,and arson in Jilin Province. If a forest fire is caused by transit fire is not well controlled,it is likely to develop into a major catastrophic forest fire.【Conclusion】The main forest fire sources in Jilin Province are now crop residue burning,arson,sacrificing fire,foreign burning,field heating and cooking,smoking,and prevention and control of those fire sources should be strengthened.
Based on the forest fire data in Jilin from 1969 to 2013,the characteristics of the forest fire sources were analyzed,which would provide reference for fire source management and forest fire prevention in Jilin Province.【Method】Based on the forest fire data of Jilin Province,the interannual variation of forest fire sources in Jilin Province were analyzed by using Microsoft Office Excel to draw charts,by which the main fire sources of forest fires in Jilin Province were determined. The significant differences between the main fire sources were analyzed by using One-Way ANOVA,and damage level of fire sources was obtained according to the results of multiple comparisons and the mean value map.【Result】The number of forest fires with known fire sources was 5 216 from 1969 to 2013 in Jilin Province,accounting for75. 35% of the total forest fires; the burnt area was 103 162. 70 hm~2,accounting for 63. 63% of the total fire area; the burnt forest area was 51 316. 88 hm~2,accounting for 55. 15% of the total burnt forest area. At present,there are 23 forest fire sources in Jilin Province and the main forest fire sources are crop residue burning,arson,sacrificing fire,Foreign burning,heating and cooking in the wild,smoking in the field,especially crop residue,foreign burning,and smoking.The number of forest fires,forest area burnt,and total area burnt resulting from the three fire sources accounted for64. 63%,71. 90%,and 67. 33% of the total,respectively. The arson,sacrificing fire,and field heating and cooking have obvious rising trend. Crop residue burning occurred most frequently and concentrated mainly in 1969 to 1985. Forest fires caused by crop residue burning accounted for 41. 78% of the total number,and their damage to the forest was the biggest,accounting for 54. 17% of the total. Forest fires resulting from smoking occurred very frequently(22. 03%) and remained continuous state from 1969 to 2013 causing significant damage(15. 51%). Forest fires caused by transit fire from 1974 to 2013 totaled 43(0. 82%),but did real harm(2. 22%) to the forest. Forest fires caused by sacrificing fire occurred more frequently from 1970 to 1989,and went down gradually from 1990,but started to go up in 2002. Due to such activity as paper burning around Tomb-Sweeping Day in April,sacrificing fire accounted for 9. 51% of the total number. Foreign burning brought the biggest damage every time,followed by field heating and cooking,crop residue burning,smoking,sacrificing fire,and arson in Jilin Province. If a forest fire is caused by transit fire is not well controlled,it is likely to develop into a major catastrophic forest fire.【Conclusion】The main forest fire sources in Jilin Province are now crop residue burning,arson,sacrificing fire,foreign burning,field heating and cooking,smoking,and prevention and control of those fire sources should be strengthened.
引文
陈存及.1996.森林消防.厦门:厦门大学出版社.(Chen C J.1996.Forest fire prevention and control.Xiamen:XiamenUniversity Press.[in Chinese])
姜汉辉,徐艺.2004.湖南野外火源管理存在的问题及对策.森林防火,(3):25-28.(Jiang H H,Xu Y.2004.Problems and countermeasures of fire source management in Hunan Province.Forest Fire Prevention,(3):25-28.[in Chinese])
林桂明.2013.南平市森林火灾火源特点分析及对策探讨.福建林业,(2):31-33.(Li G M.2013.Study and analyze on the characteristic of forest fire source and the countermeasures.Fujian Linye,(2):31-33.[in Chinese])
李光辉.2009.吉林省森林生态效益评估及其生态补偿研究.长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文.(Li G H.2009.Study on forest ecological benefit assessment and ecological compensation in Jilin Province.Changchun:MS thesis of Jilin University.[in Chinese])
李树旺,王增禄,刘雄鹰.2001.对新形势下北京市森林防火工作的思考.森林防火,(1):11-12.(Li S W,Wang Z L,Liu X Y.2001.Thinking on the forest fire prevention work in Beijing City under the new situation.Forest Fire Prevention,(1):11-12.[in Chinese])
孙平岩.2015.吉林省强化森林防火宣传教育的几种途径.森林防火,(4):14-17.(Sun P Y.2015.Several ways to strengthen the propaganda and education of forest fire prevention in Jilin.Forest Fire Prevention,(4):14-17.[in Chinese])
舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.2003.我国大兴安岭呼中林区雷击火发生火环境研究.林业科学,39(6):94-99.(Shu L F,Wang M Y,Tian X R,et al.2003.The fire environment mechanism of lightning fire formed for Daxing’an Mountains.Scientia Silvae Sincae,39(6):94-99.[in Chinese])
王荷秀,慕建利,侯建忠,等.1998.陕西省林火的时空分布及火源特点.西北林学院学报,13(1):75-78.(Wang H X,Mu J L,Hou J Z,et al.1998.Time and spacial distribution and characters of forest fire sources in Shanxi.Journal of Northwest Forestry College,13(1):75-78.[in Chinese])
文红武.2010.森林放火犯罪特点及预防措施.森林防火,(4):21-22.(Wen H W.2010.Forest fire prevention measures and crime features.Forest Fire Prevention,(4):21-22)
肖进杰,高超,赵红梅.2009.吉林省农村发展现状分析与对策探索.改革与开放,(5):60.(Xiao J J,Gao C,Zhao H M.2009.Analysis on the current situation of rural development in Jilin Province and the countermeasures.Reform and Opening-up,(5):60.[in Chinese])
杨长职.1997.福建省火源特点及对策.森林防火,(2):25-26.(Yang C Z.1997.Characteristics and countermeasures of fire source inFujian Province.Forest Fire Prevention,(2):25-26.[inChinese])
杨美和,高颖仪,潘荣山,等.1997.吉林省森林火灾发生规律的研究.吉林林学院学报,13(3):15-19.(Yang M H,Gao Y Y,Pan R S,et al.1997.Regulation of forest fireoccurring in Jilin Province.Journal of Jilin Forestry University,13(3):15-19.[in Chinese])
杨美和,高颖仪.1998.吉林省森林火灾人为火源的研究.吉林林学院学报,14(3):15-18.(Yang M H,Gao Y Y.1998.On artifact fire origin of forest fire in JilinProvince.Journal of Jilin Forestry University,14(3):15-18.[inChinese])
翟影.2011.吉林省环境保护投资效益分析.长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文.(Zhai Y.2011.Benefit analysis on environmental protection investmentin Jilin Province.Changchun:MS thesis of Jilin University.[inChinese])
邹全程,邸雪颖,杨光.2010.吉林省森林火灾扑救能力评价.东北林业大学学报,38(6):63-65.(Zou Q C,Di X Y,Yang G.2010.Evaluation on forest fire suppressioncapacity in Jilin Province.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,38(6):63-65.[in Chinese])
Loboda T V,Csiszar I A.2007.Reconstruction of fire spread within wildland fire events in northern Eurasia from the MODIS active fireproduct.Global and Planetary Change,56(3):258-273.
Jenkins M J,Hebertson E,Page W,et al.2008.Bark beetles,fuels,fires and implications for forest management in the IntermountainWest.Forest Ecology and Management,254(1):16-34.
姜汉辉,徐艺.2004.湖南野外火源管理存在的问题及对策.森林防火,(3):25-28.(Jiang H H,Xu Y.2004.Problems and countermeasures of fire source management in Hunan Province.Forest Fire Prevention,(3):25-28.[in Chinese])
林桂明.2013.南平市森林火灾火源特点分析及对策探讨.福建林业,(2):31-33.(Li G M.2013.Study and analyze on the characteristic of forest fire source and the countermeasures.Fujian Linye,(2):31-33.[in Chinese])
李光辉.2009.吉林省森林生态效益评估及其生态补偿研究.长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文.(Li G H.2009.Study on forest ecological benefit assessment and ecological compensation in Jilin Province.Changchun:MS thesis of Jilin University.[in Chinese])
李树旺,王增禄,刘雄鹰.2001.对新形势下北京市森林防火工作的思考.森林防火,(1):11-12.(Li S W,Wang Z L,Liu X Y.2001.Thinking on the forest fire prevention work in Beijing City under the new situation.Forest Fire Prevention,(1):11-12.[in Chinese])
孙平岩.2015.吉林省强化森林防火宣传教育的几种途径.森林防火,(4):14-17.(Sun P Y.2015.Several ways to strengthen the propaganda and education of forest fire prevention in Jilin.Forest Fire Prevention,(4):14-17.[in Chinese])
舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.2003.我国大兴安岭呼中林区雷击火发生火环境研究.林业科学,39(6):94-99.(Shu L F,Wang M Y,Tian X R,et al.2003.The fire environment mechanism of lightning fire formed for Daxing’an Mountains.Scientia Silvae Sincae,39(6):94-99.[in Chinese])
王荷秀,慕建利,侯建忠,等.1998.陕西省林火的时空分布及火源特点.西北林学院学报,13(1):75-78.(Wang H X,Mu J L,Hou J Z,et al.1998.Time and spacial distribution and characters of forest fire sources in Shanxi.Journal of Northwest Forestry College,13(1):75-78.[in Chinese])
文红武.2010.森林放火犯罪特点及预防措施.森林防火,(4):21-22.(Wen H W.2010.Forest fire prevention measures and crime features.Forest Fire Prevention,(4):21-22)
肖进杰,高超,赵红梅.2009.吉林省农村发展现状分析与对策探索.改革与开放,(5):60.(Xiao J J,Gao C,Zhao H M.2009.Analysis on the current situation of rural development in Jilin Province and the countermeasures.Reform and Opening-up,(5):60.[in Chinese])
杨长职.1997.福建省火源特点及对策.森林防火,(2):25-26.(Yang C Z.1997.Characteristics and countermeasures of fire source inFujian Province.Forest Fire Prevention,(2):25-26.[inChinese])
杨美和,高颖仪,潘荣山,等.1997.吉林省森林火灾发生规律的研究.吉林林学院学报,13(3):15-19.(Yang M H,Gao Y Y,Pan R S,et al.1997.Regulation of forest fireoccurring in Jilin Province.Journal of Jilin Forestry University,13(3):15-19.[in Chinese])
杨美和,高颖仪.1998.吉林省森林火灾人为火源的研究.吉林林学院学报,14(3):15-18.(Yang M H,Gao Y Y.1998.On artifact fire origin of forest fire in JilinProvince.Journal of Jilin Forestry University,14(3):15-18.[inChinese])
翟影.2011.吉林省环境保护投资效益分析.长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文.(Zhai Y.2011.Benefit analysis on environmental protection investmentin Jilin Province.Changchun:MS thesis of Jilin University.[inChinese])
邹全程,邸雪颖,杨光.2010.吉林省森林火灾扑救能力评价.东北林业大学学报,38(6):63-65.(Zou Q C,Di X Y,Yang G.2010.Evaluation on forest fire suppressioncapacity in Jilin Province.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,38(6):63-65.[in Chinese])
Loboda T V,Csiszar I A.2007.Reconstruction of fire spread within wildland fire events in northern Eurasia from the MODIS active fireproduct.Global and Planetary Change,56(3):258-273.
Jenkins M J,Hebertson E,Page W,et al.2008.Bark beetles,fuels,fires and implications for forest management in the IntermountainWest.Forest Ecology and Management,254(1):16-34.