考虑退役电池柔性负荷的电力系统风险调度
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摘要
电动汽车退役动力电池再利用,可以作为一种新型柔性负荷参与系统运行。基于实验数据,研究退役动力电池组运行和出力特性,在考虑退役电池及风机的故障风险以及退役电池组不一致性风险的前提下,建立了考虑退役电池柔性负荷的电力系统风险调度模型。模型中利用退役电池组参与系统负荷的调整,响应电源的随机波动,降低负荷侧峰谷差及火电机组出力的波动性,减少能源浪费。最后,以十机组系统为例,验证了该调度模型的有效性和应用价值。
The centralized utilization of batteries retired from electric vehicles(EVs) can be a new kind of flexible loads participating in power dispatch. The operation and output characteristics of second-life batteries are studied based on the experiment data. A risk power dispatch model with second-life batteries as flexible loads considering the discordance risk of retired batteries and the error risk of second-life batteries and wind generators is built. The model aims at the minimum operation cost and risk of the system and the second-life batteries is utilized to reduce the peak valley difference of power load and the fluctuation of the power system and save energy. The simulation results on a ten-unit test system have certified the effectiveness of the proposed dispatch model and the economic benefit of utilizing second-life batteries as flexible loads.
The centralized utilization of batteries retired from electric vehicles(EVs) can be a new kind of flexible loads participating in power dispatch. The operation and output characteristics of second-life batteries are studied based on the experiment data. A risk power dispatch model with second-life batteries as flexible loads considering the discordance risk of retired batteries and the error risk of second-life batteries and wind generators is built. The model aims at the minimum operation cost and risk of the system and the second-life batteries is utilized to reduce the peak valley difference of power load and the fluctuation of the power system and save energy. The simulation results on a ten-unit test system have certified the effectiveness of the proposed dispatch model and the economic benefit of utilizing second-life batteries as flexible loads.
引文
[1] 国家发展和改革委员会.到2020年智能汽车新车占比将达到50%[EB/OL].[2018-01-05].https://www.d1ev.com/news/zhengce/60696.National Development and Reform Commission.By 2020,the proportion of new smart cars will reach 50% of vehicles[EB/OL].[2018-01-05].https://www.d1ev.com/news/zhengce/60696.
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[5] 刘坚.电动汽车退役电池储能应用潜力及成本分析[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(2):243-249.LIU Jian.Second use potential of retired EV batteries in power system and associated cost analysis[J].Energy Storage Science & Technology,2017,6(2):243-249.
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[12] TONG SHIJIE,FUNG T,PARK J W.Reusing electric vehicle battery for demand side management integrating dynamic pricing[C]// IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications,November 2-5,2015,Miami,USA:325-330.
[13] 白恺,李娜,范茂松,等.大容量梯次利用电池储能系统工程技术路线研究[J].华北电力技术,2017(3):39-45.BAI Kai,LI Na,FAN Maosong,et al.Research on the technical roadmap for engineering application of large-scale echelon use battery energy storage system[J].North China Electric Power,2017(3):39-45.
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[15] GOLMOHAMADI H,KEYPOUR R.Stochastic optimization for retailers with distributed wind generation considering demand response[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(4):733-748.
[16] 王海冰,王承民,张庚午,等.考虑条件风险价值的两阶段发电调度随机规划模型和方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(24):6838-6848.WANG Haibing,WANG Chengmin,ZHANG Gengwu,et al.Two-stage stochastic generation dispatching model and method considering conditional value-at-risk[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(24):6838-6848.
[17] 刘怀东,冯志强,王锦桥,等.计及条件风险价值的综合能源系统经济调度[J].电网技术,2018,42(5):1385-1392.LIU Huaidong,FENG Zhiqiang,WANG Jinqiao,et al.Economic dispatch of integrated energy systems considering conditional value-at-risk[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(5):1385-1392.
[18] 蒋程,刘文霞,张建华.含电池储能风电场的电力系统风险评估[J].电网技术,2014,38(8):2087-2094.JIANG Cheng,LIU Wenxia,ZHANG Jianhua.Risk assessment for power system with wind farm and battery energy storage[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(8):2087-2094.
[19] 孙辉,刘鑫,贲驰,等.含风储一体化电站的电力系统多目标风险调度模型[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(5):94-101.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170910002.SUN Hui,LIU Xin,BEN Chi,et al.Multi-objective risk scheduling model of power system containing power station with integrated wind power and energy storage[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(5):94-101.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170910002.
[20] LIU Kailong,ZOU Changfu,LI Kang,et al.Charging pattern optimization for lithium-ion batteries with an electrothermal-aging model[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2018,14(12):5463-5474.
[21] HU Shubo,SUN Hui,PENG Feixiang,et al.Optimization strategy for economic power dispatch utilizing retired EV batteries as flexible loads[J].Energies,2018,11(7):1657.
[22] SAHA B,GOEBEL K.NASA Ames prognostics data repository [EB/OL].[2018-10-10].http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/project/prognostic-data-repository.
[23] 吴问足,乔颖,鲁宗相,等.风电功率概率预测方法及展望[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(18):167-175.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160914002.WU Wenzu,QIAO Ying,LU Zongxiang,et al.Methods and prospects for probabilistic forecasting of wind power[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41 (18):167-175.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160914002.
[24] 曾鸣,杨雍琦,向红伟,等.兼容需求侧资源的“源-网-荷-储”协调优化调度模型[J].电力自动化设备,2016,36(2):102-111.ZENG Ming,YANG Yongqi,XIANG Hongwei,et al.Optimal dispatch model based on coordination between “generation-grid-load-energy storage” and demand-side resource[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2016,36(2):102-111.
[25] 盛骤,谢式千,潘承毅.概率论与数理统计[M].4版.南京:高等教育出版社,2008.SHENG Zhou,XIE Shiqian,PAN Chengyi.Probability and statistics[M].4th ed.Nanjing:High Education Press,2008.
[26] 戴海峰,王楠,魏学哲,等.车用动力锂离子电池单体不一致性问题研究综述[J].汽车工程,2014,36(2):181-188.DAI Haifeng,WANG Nan,WEI Xuezhe,et al.A research review on the cell inconsistency of li-ion traction batteries in electric vehicles[J].Automotive Engineering,2014,36(2):181-188.
[27] 瞿凯平,张孝顺,余涛,等.基于知识迁移Q学习算法的多能源系统联合优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(15):18-25.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170103003.QU Kaiping,ZHANG Xiaoshun,YU Tao,et al.Knowledge transfer based Q-learning algorithm for optimal dispatch of multi-energy system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(15):18-25.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170103003.
[28] 周玮,彭昱,孙辉,等.含风电场的电力系统动态经济调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(25):13-18.ZHOU Wei,PENG Yu,SUN,Hui,et al.Dynamic economic dispatch in wind power integrated system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(25):13-18.
[29] REBOURS Y,KIRSCHEN D,TROTIGNON M.Fundamental design issues in markets for ancillary services[J].Electricity Journal,2007,20:26-34.
[30] 代兵琪,王哲,李春生.基于改进粒子群算法的风储联合系统多目标协同调度[J].电气技术,2015(12):22-25.DAI Bingqi,WANG Zhe,LI Chunsheng.Multi-objective coordinated scheduling of wind-storage hybrid system based on improved particle swam optimization algorithm [J].Electrical Engineering,2015(12):22-25.
[31] 达维德安德里亚.大规模锂离子电池管理系统[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2017.ANDREA D.Battery management systems for large lithium-ion battery packs[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2017.
[32] 孙辉,沈钟浩,周玮,等.电动汽车群响应的主动配电网阻塞调度研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(19):5549-5559.SUN Hui,SHEN Zhonghao,ZHOU Wei,et al.Congestion dispatch research of active distribution network with electric vehicle group response[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(19):5549-5559.
[33] LIU Xian.Impact of Beta-distributed wind power on economic load dispatch[J].Electric Power Components and Systems,2011,39(8):768-779.
[34] ATTAVIRIYANUPAP P,KITA H,TANAKA E,et al.A hybrid EP and SQP for dynamic economic dispatch with nonsmooth fuel cost function[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2002,17:411-416.
[35] 张晓花,赵晋泉,陈星莺.节能减排多目标机组组合问题的模糊建模及优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(22):71-76.ZHANG Xiaohua,ZHAO Jinquan,CHEN Xingying.Multi-objective unit commitment fuzzy modeling and optimization for energy-saving and emission reduction[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(22):71-76.
[36] WANG X,GAUSTAD G,BABBITT C W,et al.Economies of scale for future lithium-ion battery recycling infrastructure[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2014,83:53-62.
[37] 靳起浩.基于产品生命周期的电动汽车动力电池回收模式研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2016.JIN Qihao.Recycling modes of power batteries of electric vehicles based on product life cycle[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2016.
[2] Development status and tendency of EV battery recycling and utilization[EB/OL].[2018-01-12].http://shupeidian.bjx.com.cn/news/20180112/873651.shtml.
[3] VISWANATHAN V V,KINTNER-MEYER M.Energy efficiency evaluation of a stationary lithium-ion battery container storage system via electro-thermal modeling and detailed component analysis[J].Applied Energy,2018,210:211-229.
[4] 李然.锂动力电池健康度评价与估算方法的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2016.LI Ran.Research on evaluation and estimation methods for state of health of power lithium iron battery[D].Harbin:Harbin University of Science and Technology,2016.
[5] 刘坚.电动汽车退役电池储能应用潜力及成本分析[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(2):243-249.LIU Jian.Second use potential of retired EV batteries in power system and associated cost analysis[J].Energy Storage Science & Technology,2017,6(2):243-249.
[6] 刘新天,何耀,曾国建,等.考虑温度影响的锂电池功率状态估计[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(13):155-163.LIU Xintian,HE Yao,ZENG Guojian,et al.State-of-power estimation for li-ion battery considering the effect of temperature[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(13):155-163.
[7] CIOBOTARU C K,SAEZ-DE-IBARRA A,LASERNA E M,et al.Second life battery energy storage system for enhancing renewable energy grid integration[C]// Proceedings of the Energy Conversion Congress & Exposition,September 20-24,2015,Montreal,Canada:78-84.
[8] 邹幽兰.基于退役锂动力电池容量、内阻和荷电状态的建模与参数估计[D].长沙:中南大学,2014.ZOU Youlan.Modeling and parameter estimation of retired lithium-ion power battery based on capacity,resistance and the state of charge[D].Changsha:Central South University,2014.
[9] 兰汉金.蓄电池失效概率分析[J].船电技术,2007,27(5):321-324.LAN Hanjin.Analysis on the invalidation probability of the storage battery[J].Marine Electric & Electronic Engineering,2007,27(5):321-324.
[10] 王其钰,王朔,张杰男,等.锂离子电池失效分析概述[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(5):1008-1025.WANG Qiyu,WANG Shuo,ZHANG Jienan,et al.Overview of the failure analysis of lithium-ion batteries[J].Energy Storage Science & Technology,2017,6(5):1008-1025.
[11] KAZAKOS S S,DANIEL S,BUCKLEY S.Distributed energy storage using second-life electric vehicle batteries[C]// IET Conference on Power in Unity:a Whole System Approach,October 16-17,2013,London,UK:1-6.
[12] TONG SHIJIE,FUNG T,PARK J W.Reusing electric vehicle battery for demand side management integrating dynamic pricing[C]// IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications,November 2-5,2015,Miami,USA:325-330.
[13] 白恺,李娜,范茂松,等.大容量梯次利用电池储能系统工程技术路线研究[J].华北电力技术,2017(3):39-45.BAI Kai,LI Na,FAN Maosong,et al.Research on the technical roadmap for engineering application of large-scale echelon use battery energy storage system[J].North China Electric Power,2017(3):39-45.
[14] CALVO J L,TINDEMANS S H,STRBAC G.Risk-based method to secure power systems against cyber-physical faults with cascading impacts:a system protection scheme application[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(5):930-943.
[15] GOLMOHAMADI H,KEYPOUR R.Stochastic optimization for retailers with distributed wind generation considering demand response[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2018,6(4):733-748.
[16] 王海冰,王承民,张庚午,等.考虑条件风险价值的两阶段发电调度随机规划模型和方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(24):6838-6848.WANG Haibing,WANG Chengmin,ZHANG Gengwu,et al.Two-stage stochastic generation dispatching model and method considering conditional value-at-risk[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(24):6838-6848.
[17] 刘怀东,冯志强,王锦桥,等.计及条件风险价值的综合能源系统经济调度[J].电网技术,2018,42(5):1385-1392.LIU Huaidong,FENG Zhiqiang,WANG Jinqiao,et al.Economic dispatch of integrated energy systems considering conditional value-at-risk[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(5):1385-1392.
[18] 蒋程,刘文霞,张建华.含电池储能风电场的电力系统风险评估[J].电网技术,2014,38(8):2087-2094.JIANG Cheng,LIU Wenxia,ZHANG Jianhua.Risk assessment for power system with wind farm and battery energy storage[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(8):2087-2094.
[19] 孙辉,刘鑫,贲驰,等.含风储一体化电站的电力系统多目标风险调度模型[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(5):94-101.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170910002.SUN Hui,LIU Xin,BEN Chi,et al.Multi-objective risk scheduling model of power system containing power station with integrated wind power and energy storage[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(5):94-101.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170910002.
[20] LIU Kailong,ZOU Changfu,LI Kang,et al.Charging pattern optimization for lithium-ion batteries with an electrothermal-aging model[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2018,14(12):5463-5474.
[21] HU Shubo,SUN Hui,PENG Feixiang,et al.Optimization strategy for economic power dispatch utilizing retired EV batteries as flexible loads[J].Energies,2018,11(7):1657.
[22] SAHA B,GOEBEL K.NASA Ames prognostics data repository [EB/OL].[2018-10-10].http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/project/prognostic-data-repository.
[23] 吴问足,乔颖,鲁宗相,等.风电功率概率预测方法及展望[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(18):167-175.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160914002.WU Wenzu,QIAO Ying,LU Zongxiang,et al.Methods and prospects for probabilistic forecasting of wind power[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41 (18):167-175.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20160914002.
[24] 曾鸣,杨雍琦,向红伟,等.兼容需求侧资源的“源-网-荷-储”协调优化调度模型[J].电力自动化设备,2016,36(2):102-111.ZENG Ming,YANG Yongqi,XIANG Hongwei,et al.Optimal dispatch model based on coordination between “generation-grid-load-energy storage” and demand-side resource[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2016,36(2):102-111.
[25] 盛骤,谢式千,潘承毅.概率论与数理统计[M].4版.南京:高等教育出版社,2008.SHENG Zhou,XIE Shiqian,PAN Chengyi.Probability and statistics[M].4th ed.Nanjing:High Education Press,2008.
[26] 戴海峰,王楠,魏学哲,等.车用动力锂离子电池单体不一致性问题研究综述[J].汽车工程,2014,36(2):181-188.DAI Haifeng,WANG Nan,WEI Xuezhe,et al.A research review on the cell inconsistency of li-ion traction batteries in electric vehicles[J].Automotive Engineering,2014,36(2):181-188.
[27] 瞿凯平,张孝顺,余涛,等.基于知识迁移Q学习算法的多能源系统联合优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(15):18-25.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170103003.QU Kaiping,ZHANG Xiaoshun,YU Tao,et al.Knowledge transfer based Q-learning algorithm for optimal dispatch of multi-energy system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(15):18-25.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170103003.
[28] 周玮,彭昱,孙辉,等.含风电场的电力系统动态经济调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(25):13-18.ZHOU Wei,PENG Yu,SUN,Hui,et al.Dynamic economic dispatch in wind power integrated system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(25):13-18.
[29] REBOURS Y,KIRSCHEN D,TROTIGNON M.Fundamental design issues in markets for ancillary services[J].Electricity Journal,2007,20:26-34.
[30] 代兵琪,王哲,李春生.基于改进粒子群算法的风储联合系统多目标协同调度[J].电气技术,2015(12):22-25.DAI Bingqi,WANG Zhe,LI Chunsheng.Multi-objective coordinated scheduling of wind-storage hybrid system based on improved particle swam optimization algorithm [J].Electrical Engineering,2015(12):22-25.
[31] 达维德安德里亚.大规模锂离子电池管理系统[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2017.ANDREA D.Battery management systems for large lithium-ion battery packs[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2017.
[32] 孙辉,沈钟浩,周玮,等.电动汽车群响应的主动配电网阻塞调度研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(19):5549-5559.SUN Hui,SHEN Zhonghao,ZHOU Wei,et al.Congestion dispatch research of active distribution network with electric vehicle group response[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(19):5549-5559.
[33] LIU Xian.Impact of Beta-distributed wind power on economic load dispatch[J].Electric Power Components and Systems,2011,39(8):768-779.
[34] ATTAVIRIYANUPAP P,KITA H,TANAKA E,et al.A hybrid EP and SQP for dynamic economic dispatch with nonsmooth fuel cost function[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2002,17:411-416.
[35] 张晓花,赵晋泉,陈星莺.节能减排多目标机组组合问题的模糊建模及优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(22):71-76.ZHANG Xiaohua,ZHAO Jinquan,CHEN Xingying.Multi-objective unit commitment fuzzy modeling and optimization for energy-saving and emission reduction[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(22):71-76.
[36] WANG X,GAUSTAD G,BABBITT C W,et al.Economies of scale for future lithium-ion battery recycling infrastructure[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2014,83:53-62.
[37] 靳起浩.基于产品生命周期的电动汽车动力电池回收模式研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2016.JIN Qihao.Recycling modes of power batteries of electric vehicles based on product life cycle[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2016.