云南鲁甸地震次生山地灾害分布规律与特征
|
摘要
2014年8月3日16时30分,云南省昭通市鲁甸县发生Ms6.5级地震,地震诱发大量崩塌、滑坡、不稳定斜坡等次生山地灾害。结合现场调查,通过遥感图像共解译次生山地灾害点235处,灾害面积约8.59km2。基于GIS空间分析方法,利用次生山地灾害面积百分比及中心点密度2个参数,研究次生山地灾害分布规律与地震的关系;同时选取高程、坡度、坡向、岩性、距河流距离等因子统计分析了地形、岩层及河流对次生山地灾害空间分布的影响。研究区次生山地灾害面积百分比约为0.79%,中心点密度约为0.2个·km-2。结果表明:次生山地灾害点的排列受NE向昭通—鲁甸主断裂控制,63.83%的次生山地灾害发生在发震断裂带2~8km范围内,距震中越远,次生山地灾害发育率越低;次生山地灾害集中分布在1 000~1 200m高程之间和35°~45°坡度范围内,而20°~30°坡度范围内次生山地灾害中心点密度和面积百分比最大;碳酸盐岩等硬岩地层上次生山地灾害最为发育,而软岩地层中多引发高陡坡次生山地灾害;次生山地灾害整体上沿牛栏江呈线状分布,随着距河流距离的增加,其发生概率逐渐减小。
At 16:30 on August 3rd,2014,Ms6.5earthquake occurs in Ludian County of Zhaotong City,Yunnan Province,China.Ludian earthquake causes a wide spread of secondary mountain disasters including collapse,landslide,unstable slope,etc.By field investigation and interpretation of remote sensing images,there are 235 secondary mountain disasters,and the area is 8.59km2.Based on GIS spatial analysis method,relationships between the distribution of secondary mountain disaster and earthquake were explained by secondary mountain disaster center number density and area percentage.The former is defined as the number of secondary mountaindisaster central point per square kilometer;the latter is defined as the percentage of the area affected by secondary mountain disasters.The effects of topography,river and rock on spatial distribution of secondary mountain disasters were discussed with the factors including elevation,slope,aspect,lithology and distance from the river.Secondary mountain disaster center number density is about 0.2points per square kilometer,and area percentage is about 0.79%.The results show that the arrangement of secondary mountain disaster is controlled by the main fault of Zhaotong-Ludian with NE-orientation,and 63.83% of secondary mountain disasters happen in the region with a distance of 2-8km to the causative fault;secondary mountain disasters mainly distribute in the areas with the elevation of 1 000-1 200 mand the slope of 35°-45°;secondary mountain disaster center number density and area percentage are maximum under the slope of 20°-30°;secondary mountain disasters develop mostly in hard rock strata such as carbonate rock,while steep slope secondary mountain disasters develop mostly in soft rock strata;secondary mountain disasters approximately distribute in a line along Niulan River,and the farther away from the river,the lower the probability of occurrence is.
At 16:30 on August 3rd,2014,Ms6.5earthquake occurs in Ludian County of Zhaotong City,Yunnan Province,China.Ludian earthquake causes a wide spread of secondary mountain disasters including collapse,landslide,unstable slope,etc.By field investigation and interpretation of remote sensing images,there are 235 secondary mountain disasters,and the area is 8.59km2.Based on GIS spatial analysis method,relationships between the distribution of secondary mountain disaster and earthquake were explained by secondary mountain disaster center number density and area percentage.The former is defined as the number of secondary mountaindisaster central point per square kilometer;the latter is defined as the percentage of the area affected by secondary mountain disasters.The effects of topography,river and rock on spatial distribution of secondary mountain disasters were discussed with the factors including elevation,slope,aspect,lithology and distance from the river.Secondary mountain disaster center number density is about 0.2points per square kilometer,and area percentage is about 0.79%.The results show that the arrangement of secondary mountain disaster is controlled by the main fault of Zhaotong-Ludian with NE-orientation,and 63.83% of secondary mountain disasters happen in the region with a distance of 2-8km to the causative fault;secondary mountain disasters mainly distribute in the areas with the elevation of 1 000-1 200 mand the slope of 35°-45°;secondary mountain disaster center number density and area percentage are maximum under the slope of 20°-30°;secondary mountain disasters develop mostly in hard rock strata such as carbonate rock,while steep slope secondary mountain disasters develop mostly in soft rock strata;secondary mountain disasters approximately distribute in a line along Niulan River,and the farther away from the river,the lower the probability of occurrence is.
引文
[1]金明培,杨军,陈佳,等.2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M6.5级地震概括[J].地球物理学进展,2014,29(4):1980-1984.JIN Ming-pei,YANG Jun,CHEN Jia,et al.Overview of the M 6.5 Yunnan Ludian Earthquake in August3rd,2014[J].Progress in Geophysics,2014,29(4):1980-1984.
[2]张振国,孙耀充,徐建宽,等.2014年8月3日云南鲁甸地震强地面运动初步模拟及烈度预测[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(9):3038-3041.ZHANG Zhen-guo,SUN Yao-chong,XU Jian-kuan,et al.Preliminary Simulation of Strong Ground Motion of Ludian,Yunan Earthquake of 3 August 2014,and Hazard Implication[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(9):3038-3041.
[3]樊杰,王传胜,汤青,等.鲁甸地震灾后重建的综合地理分析与对策研讨[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(8):1011-1018.FAN Jie,WANG Chuan-sheng,TANG Qing,et al.Comprehensive Geographic Analysis and Discussion on Strategies for Post-earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction in Ludian,Yunnan Province[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(8):1011-1018.
[4]新华网.云南鲁甸地震遇难人数增至617人[EB/OL].(2014-08-09)[2014-11-09].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-08/09/c_126850338.htm.Xinhua Net.Ludian Earthquake Death Toll Increased to 617[EB/OL].(2014-08-09)[2014-11-09].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-08/09/c_126850338.htm.
[5]中国新闻网.云南省鲁甸县6.5级地震已造成589人死亡9人失踪[EB/OL].(2014-08-06)[2014-11-09].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/08-06/6464512.shtml.China News.The Ms6.5Yunnan Ludian Earthquake Has Caused 589 Deaths and 9 Missing[EB/OL].(2014-08-06)[2014-11-09].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/08-06/6464512.shtml.
[6]谢和平,邓建辉,李碧雄.四川芦山地震灾害调查与灾后重建的相关问题分析[J].地球科学与环境学报,2013,35(2):1-7.XIE He-ping,DENG Jian-hui,LI Bi-xiong.Investigation of Lushan Earthquake Disasters and Analysis of Related Problems During Post-quake Reconstruction in Sichuan[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2013,35(2):1-7.
[7]王运生,全清,罗永红,等.四川芦山Ms7.0级地震的地质环境影响分析[J].地球科学与环境学报,2013,35(2):92-98.WANG Yun-sheng,QUAN Qing,LUO Yong-hong,et al.Geological Environmental Influence of Lushan Ms7.0 Earthquake in Sichuan[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2013,35(2):92-98.
[8]PENG Z G,WANG W J,CHEN Q F,et al.Remotely Triggered Seimicity in North China Following the2008 Mw7.9Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earth Planets Space,2010,62(11):893-898.
[9]PENG Y J,ZHOU S Y,ZHUANG J C,et al.An Approach to Detect the Abnormal Seismicity Increase in Southwestern China Triggered Co-seismically by 2004Sumatra Mw9.2Earthquake[J].Geophysical Journal International,2012,189(3):1734-1740.
[10]崔鹏,何思明,姚令侃,等.汶川地震山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.CUI Peng,HE Si-ming,YAO Ling-kan,et al.The Formation Mechanism of the Wenchuan Earthquake of Mountain Hazards and Risk Control[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[11]杨宗佶.“4·20”芦山Ms7.0级地震次生山地灾害特征[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2013,45(4):76-83.YANG Zong-jie.Features of Secondary Mountain Hazards Triggered by the“4·20”Lushan Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2013,45(4):76-83.
[12]ROMEO R.Seismically Induced Landslide Displacements:A Predictive Model[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3/4):337-351.
[13]李忠生.国内外地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].灾害学,2003,18(4):64-70.LI Zhong-sheng.The State of the Art of the Research on Seismic Landslide Hazard at Home and Abroad[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2003,18(4):64-70.
[14]苏凤环,崔鹏,张建强,等.芦山地震重灾区崩塌滑坡易发性评价[J].山地学报,2013,31(4):502-509.SU Feng-huan,CUI Peng,ZHANG Jian-qiang,et al.Rockfall and Landslides Susceptibility Assessment in Lushan Earthquake Region[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,31(4):502-509.
[15]叶燎原,李玉辉.云南鲁甸8·03地震震害特点及对恢复重建的启示[J].云南师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014,46(5):1-7.YE Liao-yuan,LI Yu-hui.Features of the 2014 Ludian Earthquake in Yunnan Province and Its Implication to the Consequent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction[J].Journal of Yunnan Normal University:Humanitles and Social Sciences,2014,46(5):1-7.
[16]胡金,李波,杨艳峰.GIS在云南鲁甸县地质灾害易发性分区中的应用[J].灾害学,2008,23(1):73-87.HU Jin,LI Bo,YANG Yan-feng.The Application of GIS in Geological Hazards Susceptibility Zonation in Ludian Country,Yunnan[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2008,23(1):73-87.
[17]常祖峰,周荣军,安晓文,等.昭通—鲁甸断裂晚第四纪活动及其构造意义[J].地震地质,2014,36(4):1260-1279.CHANG Zu-feng,ZHOU Rong-jun,AN Xiao-wen,et al.Late-Quaternary Activity of the Zhaotong-Ludian Fault Zone and Its Tectonic Implication[J].Seismology and Geology,2014,36(4):1260-1279.
[18]徐锡伟,江国焰,于贵华,等.鲁甸6.5级地震发震断层判定及其构造属性讨论[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(9):3060-3068.XU Xi-wei,JIANG Guo-yan,YU Gui-hua,et al.Discussion on Seimogenic Fault of the Ludian Ms 6.5Earthquake and Its Tectonic Attribution[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(9):3060-3068.
[19]赵旭,刘杰,冯蔚.2014年云南鲁甸Ms6.5地震震源运动学特征[J].地震地质,2014,36(4):1157-1172.ZHAO Xu,LIU Jie,FENG Wei.The Kinematic Characteristics of the Ms6.5Ludian Yunnna Earthquake in 2014[J].Seismology and Geology,2014,36(4):1157-1172.
[20]孙晓宇,周成虎,郭兆成,等.汶川5·12大地震地表次生灾害评价与分析[J].地质学报,2010,84(9):1283-1290.SUN Xiao-yu,ZHOU Cheng-hu,GUO Zhao-cheng,et al.Assessment and Analysis of the Secondary Geological Disasters Induced by the 5·12Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2010,84(9):1283-1290.
[21]黄润秋,李为乐.“5·12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.Research on Development and Distribution Rules of Geohazards Induced by Wenchuan Earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[22]汤国安,李发源,刘学军.数字高程模型教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.TANG Guo-an,LI Fa-yuan,LIU Xue-jun.Digital Elevation Model Tutorial[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[23]王未来,吴建平,房立华,等.2014年云南鲁甸Ms6.5地震序列的双差定位[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(9):3042-3051.WANG Wei-lai,WU Jian-ping,FANG Li-hua,et al.Double Difference Location of the Ludian Ms 6.5Earthqauke Sequences in Yunnan Province in 2014[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(9):3042-3051.
[2]张振国,孙耀充,徐建宽,等.2014年8月3日云南鲁甸地震强地面运动初步模拟及烈度预测[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(9):3038-3041.ZHANG Zhen-guo,SUN Yao-chong,XU Jian-kuan,et al.Preliminary Simulation of Strong Ground Motion of Ludian,Yunan Earthquake of 3 August 2014,and Hazard Implication[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(9):3038-3041.
[3]樊杰,王传胜,汤青,等.鲁甸地震灾后重建的综合地理分析与对策研讨[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(8):1011-1018.FAN Jie,WANG Chuan-sheng,TANG Qing,et al.Comprehensive Geographic Analysis and Discussion on Strategies for Post-earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction in Ludian,Yunnan Province[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(8):1011-1018.
[4]新华网.云南鲁甸地震遇难人数增至617人[EB/OL].(2014-08-09)[2014-11-09].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-08/09/c_126850338.htm.Xinhua Net.Ludian Earthquake Death Toll Increased to 617[EB/OL].(2014-08-09)[2014-11-09].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-08/09/c_126850338.htm.
[5]中国新闻网.云南省鲁甸县6.5级地震已造成589人死亡9人失踪[EB/OL].(2014-08-06)[2014-11-09].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/08-06/6464512.shtml.China News.The Ms6.5Yunnan Ludian Earthquake Has Caused 589 Deaths and 9 Missing[EB/OL].(2014-08-06)[2014-11-09].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/08-06/6464512.shtml.
[6]谢和平,邓建辉,李碧雄.四川芦山地震灾害调查与灾后重建的相关问题分析[J].地球科学与环境学报,2013,35(2):1-7.XIE He-ping,DENG Jian-hui,LI Bi-xiong.Investigation of Lushan Earthquake Disasters and Analysis of Related Problems During Post-quake Reconstruction in Sichuan[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2013,35(2):1-7.
[7]王运生,全清,罗永红,等.四川芦山Ms7.0级地震的地质环境影响分析[J].地球科学与环境学报,2013,35(2):92-98.WANG Yun-sheng,QUAN Qing,LUO Yong-hong,et al.Geological Environmental Influence of Lushan Ms7.0 Earthquake in Sichuan[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2013,35(2):92-98.
[8]PENG Z G,WANG W J,CHEN Q F,et al.Remotely Triggered Seimicity in North China Following the2008 Mw7.9Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earth Planets Space,2010,62(11):893-898.
[9]PENG Y J,ZHOU S Y,ZHUANG J C,et al.An Approach to Detect the Abnormal Seismicity Increase in Southwestern China Triggered Co-seismically by 2004Sumatra Mw9.2Earthquake[J].Geophysical Journal International,2012,189(3):1734-1740.
[10]崔鹏,何思明,姚令侃,等.汶川地震山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.CUI Peng,HE Si-ming,YAO Ling-kan,et al.The Formation Mechanism of the Wenchuan Earthquake of Mountain Hazards and Risk Control[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[11]杨宗佶.“4·20”芦山Ms7.0级地震次生山地灾害特征[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2013,45(4):76-83.YANG Zong-jie.Features of Secondary Mountain Hazards Triggered by the“4·20”Lushan Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2013,45(4):76-83.
[12]ROMEO R.Seismically Induced Landslide Displacements:A Predictive Model[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3/4):337-351.
[13]李忠生.国内外地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].灾害学,2003,18(4):64-70.LI Zhong-sheng.The State of the Art of the Research on Seismic Landslide Hazard at Home and Abroad[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2003,18(4):64-70.
[14]苏凤环,崔鹏,张建强,等.芦山地震重灾区崩塌滑坡易发性评价[J].山地学报,2013,31(4):502-509.SU Feng-huan,CUI Peng,ZHANG Jian-qiang,et al.Rockfall and Landslides Susceptibility Assessment in Lushan Earthquake Region[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,31(4):502-509.
[15]叶燎原,李玉辉.云南鲁甸8·03地震震害特点及对恢复重建的启示[J].云南师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014,46(5):1-7.YE Liao-yuan,LI Yu-hui.Features of the 2014 Ludian Earthquake in Yunnan Province and Its Implication to the Consequent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction[J].Journal of Yunnan Normal University:Humanitles and Social Sciences,2014,46(5):1-7.
[16]胡金,李波,杨艳峰.GIS在云南鲁甸县地质灾害易发性分区中的应用[J].灾害学,2008,23(1):73-87.HU Jin,LI Bo,YANG Yan-feng.The Application of GIS in Geological Hazards Susceptibility Zonation in Ludian Country,Yunnan[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2008,23(1):73-87.
[17]常祖峰,周荣军,安晓文,等.昭通—鲁甸断裂晚第四纪活动及其构造意义[J].地震地质,2014,36(4):1260-1279.CHANG Zu-feng,ZHOU Rong-jun,AN Xiao-wen,et al.Late-Quaternary Activity of the Zhaotong-Ludian Fault Zone and Its Tectonic Implication[J].Seismology and Geology,2014,36(4):1260-1279.
[18]徐锡伟,江国焰,于贵华,等.鲁甸6.5级地震发震断层判定及其构造属性讨论[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(9):3060-3068.XU Xi-wei,JIANG Guo-yan,YU Gui-hua,et al.Discussion on Seimogenic Fault of the Ludian Ms 6.5Earthquake and Its Tectonic Attribution[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(9):3060-3068.
[19]赵旭,刘杰,冯蔚.2014年云南鲁甸Ms6.5地震震源运动学特征[J].地震地质,2014,36(4):1157-1172.ZHAO Xu,LIU Jie,FENG Wei.The Kinematic Characteristics of the Ms6.5Ludian Yunnna Earthquake in 2014[J].Seismology and Geology,2014,36(4):1157-1172.
[20]孙晓宇,周成虎,郭兆成,等.汶川5·12大地震地表次生灾害评价与分析[J].地质学报,2010,84(9):1283-1290.SUN Xiao-yu,ZHOU Cheng-hu,GUO Zhao-cheng,et al.Assessment and Analysis of the Secondary Geological Disasters Induced by the 5·12Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2010,84(9):1283-1290.
[21]黄润秋,李为乐.“5·12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.Research on Development and Distribution Rules of Geohazards Induced by Wenchuan Earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[22]汤国安,李发源,刘学军.数字高程模型教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.TANG Guo-an,LI Fa-yuan,LIU Xue-jun.Digital Elevation Model Tutorial[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[23]王未来,吴建平,房立华,等.2014年云南鲁甸Ms6.5地震序列的双差定位[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(9):3042-3051.WANG Wei-lai,WU Jian-ping,FANG Li-hua,et al.Double Difference Location of the Ludian Ms 6.5Earthqauke Sequences in Yunnan Province in 2014[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(9):3042-3051.