经济学视角的自然灾害损失评估理论与方法评述
|
摘要
针对灾害损失研究中概念模糊以及间接损失评估的忽略,首先从灾害管理对损失评估的需求出发,根据灾害损失的特点从经济学视角对灾害损失进行了分类和界定,澄清了存量损失与流量损失、直接损失与间接损失、直接经济损失与间接经济损失、产出损失与福利损失等的内涵;进而,论述了灾害损失评估应遵循需求为导向和科学性的基本原则;最后,重点论述了间接损失中健康影响、自然资源及生态系统服务损失、间接经济损失等的价值评估方法。以期为认识自然灾害的社会经济影响,完善灾害损失评估理论和方法提供思路。同时,除了研究自然灾害的自然属性,灾害损失的社会属性研究对于推动灾害经济学学科的建立,以及提高我国灾害管理水平具有重要意义。
In view of the vagueness of the concept of disaster losses and the neglect of the indirect loss assessment,based on both the demand in disaster loss assessment of disaster management and the characteristics of the disaster losses,natural disaster loss types are classified and defined from an economic perspective. Disaster loss definitions are clarified for stock loss and flow loss,direct loss and indirect loss,direct economic loss and indirect economic loss,output loss and welfare loss,accordingly. In addition,we argue that the basic principles that the disaster loss assessment should be demand-oriented and scientific. Finally,the indirect loss estimation methods for health,natural resources and ecosystem services are discussed. Given the lack of indirect loss estimation of natural disasters in China,this study should provide ideas both for understanding the socio-economic impact of natural disasters and for perfecting the theory and methods of disaster loss assessment. Moreover,except for studying the natural attributes of natural disasters,the study of the social attributes of disaster losses plays an important role in promoting the establishment of disaster economics discipline and in improving the level of disaster management in China.
In view of the vagueness of the concept of disaster losses and the neglect of the indirect loss assessment,based on both the demand in disaster loss assessment of disaster management and the characteristics of the disaster losses,natural disaster loss types are classified and defined from an economic perspective. Disaster loss definitions are clarified for stock loss and flow loss,direct loss and indirect loss,direct economic loss and indirect economic loss,output loss and welfare loss,accordingly. In addition,we argue that the basic principles that the disaster loss assessment should be demand-oriented and scientific. Finally,the indirect loss estimation methods for health,natural resources and ecosystem services are discussed. Given the lack of indirect loss estimation of natural disasters in China,this study should provide ideas both for understanding the socio-economic impact of natural disasters and for perfecting the theory and methods of disaster loss assessment. Moreover,except for studying the natural attributes of natural disasters,the study of the social attributes of disaster losses plays an important role in promoting the establishment of disaster economics discipline and in improving the level of disaster management in China.
引文
[1]秦大河.中国极端天气气候事件和灾害风险管理与适应国家评估报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.QIN Dahe.China National Assessment Report on Risk Management and Adaptation of Climate Extremes and Disasters[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015.(in Chinese)
[2]吴吉东,傅宇,张洁,等.1949—2013年中国气象灾害灾情变化趋势分析[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(9):1520-1530.WU Jidong,FU Yu,ZHANG Jie,et al.Meteorological disaster trend analysis in China:1949—2013[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(9):1520-1530.(in Chinese)
[3]史培军.五论灾害系统研究的理论与实践[J].自然灾害学报,2009,18(5):1-9.SHI Peijun.Theory and practice on disaster system research in a fifth time[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2009,18(5):1-9.(in Chinese)
[4]ECLAC(United Nations/Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean).Handbook for Estimating the Socio-economic and Environmental Effects of Disaster[R].LC/MEX/G.5.Mexico City:ECLAC,2003.
[5]EU(European Union),UNDG(UN Development Group)and the World Bank.Post Disaster Needs Assessment Guidelines(PDNA).2013[EB/OL].[2017-11-15].http://www.worldbank.org.
[6]唐少卿,聂华林.灾害与灾害损失评估[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1992.TANG Shaoqing,NIE Hualin.Disaster Loss and Disaster Loss Assessment[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,1992.(in Chinese)
[7]史培军,袁艺.重特大自然灾害综合评估[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(9):1145-1151.SHI Peijun,YUAN Yi.Integrated assessment of large-scale natural disasters in China[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(9):1145-1151.(in Chinese)
[8]高庆华,马宗晋,张业成.自然灾害评估[M].北京:气象出版社,2007.GAO Qinghua,MA Zongjin,ZHANG Yecheng.Natural Disaster Assessment[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[9]吴吉东,李宁.浅析灾害间接经济损失评估的重要性[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(3):15-21.WU Jidong,LI Ning.Elementary discussion about importance of indirect economic loss estimation of disasters[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(3):15-21.(in Chinese)
[10]吴吉东,李宁,温玉婷,等.自然灾害的影响及间接经济损失评估方法[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(6):877-885.WU Jidong,LI Ning,WEN Yuting,et al.Economic impact of natural disaster and indirect economic loss estimation methods[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(6):877-885.(in Chinese)
[11]于庆东,沈荣芳.灾害经济损失评估理论与方法探讨[J].灾害学,1996,11(2):10-14.YU Qingdong,SHEN Rongfang.Assessment methods of disaster economic loss[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1996,11(2):10-14.(in Chinese)
[12]Coppola D.Introduction to International Disaster Management(3rd ed.)[M].Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,2015.
[13]李宁,吴吉东.自然灾害应急管理导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.LI Ning,WU Jidong.Introduction of natural disaster emergency management[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2011.(in Chinese)
[14]IPCC.Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation.A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(eds).Field CB,Barros V,Stocker TF,et al.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK,2012.
[15]赵延东,张化枫.灾后需求评估——理论、方法与实践[J].自然灾害学报,2013,22(3):24-31.ZHAO Yandong,ZHANG Huafeng.Post-disaster needs assessment:theory,methodology and practice[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2013,22(3):24-31.(in Chinese)
[16]郑功成.灾害经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2010.ZHENG Gongcheng.Disaster Economics[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2010.(in Chinese)
[17]赵阿兴,马宗晋.自然灾害损失评估指标体系的研究[J].自然灾害学报,1993,2(3):1-7.ZHAO Axing,MA Zongjin.Appraising study for the loss evaluation system of natural disasters[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1993,2(3):1-7.(in Chinese)
[18]Parker D,Green C,Thompson CS.Urban Flood Protection Benefits:A Project Appraisal Guide[M].Aldershot,UK:Gower Technical Press,1987.
[19]WU J,LI N,XIE W,et al.Post-Disaster recovery and economic impact of the catastrophes in China[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(4):1825-1846.
[20]WU J,LI N,HALLEGATTE S,et al.Regional indirect economic impact evaluation of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,65(1):161-172.
[21]郭伟和.福利经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2001.GUO Weihe.Welfare Economics[M].Beijing:Economy&Management Publishing Press,2001.(in Chinese)
[22]高俊.基于福利损失的中国灾害风险应对能力研究[D].武汉大学,2011.GAO Jun.A Study of Optimal Disaster Relief Policy in China Based on Welfare Loss[D].Wuhan University,2011.(in Chinese)
[23]田玲,高俊.灾害风险、福利损失与政府最优救助计划[J].经济管理,2012,34(1):173-181.TIAN Ling,GAO Jun.Disaster risks,welfare costs and the optimal disaster relief policy of government[J].Economic Management,2012,34(1):173-181.(in Chinese)
[24]民政部,国家统计局.特别重大自然灾害损失统计制度[EB/OL].(2014-05-09)[2017-07-21].http://xxgk.mca.gov.cn/n1360/n51127.files/n51128.pdf.Ministry of Civil Affairs,National Bureau of Statistics.Statistical system for the loss of major natural disasters[EB/OL].(2014-05-09)[2017-07-21].http://xxgk.mca.gov.cn/n1360/n51127.files/n51128.pdf.](in Chinese)
[25]于汐,唐彦东,刘春平.统计生命价值研究综述[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(9):146-151.YU Xi,TANG Yandong,LIU Chunping.A review of progress in study on value of a statistical life[J].China Safety Science Journal,2014,24(9):146-151.(in Chinese)
[26]Viscusi WK,Aldy JE.The value of a statistical life:a critical review of market estimates throughout the world[J].Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,2003(27):5-76.
[27]黄德生,张世秋.京津冀地区控制PM_(2.5)污染的健康效益评估[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):166-174.HUANG Desheng,ZHANG Shiqiu.Health benefit evaluation for PM2.5 pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China[J].2013,33(1):166-174.(in Chinese)
[28]United Nations,European Commission,International Monetary Fund,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,World Bank.Handbook of National Accounting:Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003[EB/OL].[2017-07-20].https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea2003.pdf,2003.
[29]叶涛,吴吉东,王尧,等.多年期森林火灾保险产品设计研究——以浙江省丽水市为例.保险研究,2016(2):87-98.YE Tao,WU Jidong,WANG Yao,et al.Design of Multi-year forest fire insurance product:A case study of Lishui City of Zhejiang[J].Insurance Studies,2016(2):87-98.(in Chinese)
[30]国家林业局.森林资源资产评估技术规范LY/T2407-2015[S].2015.State Forestry Administration P.R.China.Norm of techniques for estimation of forest economic values LY/T2407-2015[R].2015.(in Chinese)
[31]何浩,潘耀忠,朱文泉,等.中国陆地生态系统服务价值测量[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(6):1122-1127.HE Hao,PAN Yaozhong,ZHU Wenquan,et al.Measurement of terrestrial ecosystem service value in China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Econology,2005,16(6):1122-1127.(in Chinese)
[32]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.XIE Gaodi,LU Chunxia,LENG Yunfa,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.(in Chinese)
[33]李莲芳,曾希柏,李国学,等.北京市水体污染的经济损失评估[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(6):247-253.LI Lianfang,ZENG Xibai,LI Guoxue,et al.Evaluation of economic loss by water pollution in Beijing[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2006,15(6):247-253.(in Chinese)
[34]李宁,吴吉东,崔维佳.基于ARIO模型的汶川地震灾后恢复重建期模拟[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(2):68-75.LI Ning,WU Jidong,CUI Weijia.Simulation of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction period of Wenchuan earthquake based on adaptive regional input-output model[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(2):68-75.(in Chinese)
[35]吴先华,徐中兵,袁迎蕾,等.台风灾害的关联经济损失评估——以江苏省为例[J].灾害学,2014,29(2):77-83.WU Xianhua,XU Zhongbin,YUAN Yinglei,et al.Relational economic loss assessment of typhoon disaster——a case study of jiangsu province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2014,29(2):77-83.(in Chinese)
[36]黄小莉,李仙德,温家洪,等.极端洪灾情景下上海汽车制造业经济损失与波及效应评估[J].地理研究,2017,36(9):1801-1816.HUANG Xiaoli,LI Xiande,WEN Jiahong,et al.Measuring the economic losses and ripple effects of Shanghai automobile firms under extreme flood scenarios[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(9):1801-1816.(in Chinese)
[37]Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).2011.Hazus-MH-MR5 Technical Manual[M].Washington D C:Department of Homeland Security.
[38]XIE W,LI N,WU J,et al.Modeling economic costs of disasters and recovery involving positive effects of reconstruction:analysis using a dynamic CGE model[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2014(14):757-772.
[39]XIE W,LI N,WU J,et al.Disaster risk decision:a dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis of regional mitigation investment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2015,21(1):81-99.
[40]杜一.灾害与灾害经济[M].北京:中国城市经济社会出版社,1988.DU Yi.Disaster and Disaster Economy[M].Beijing:China City Economic and Social Publishing House,1988.(in Chinese)
[41]马宗晋,陈玉琼,胡嘉海,等.灾害与社会[M].北京:地震出版社,1990.MA Zongjin,CHEN Yuqiong,HU Jiahai,et al.Disasters and Society[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1990.(in Chinese)
[42]GB/T 27932—2011地震灾害间接经济损失评估方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.China Earthquake Administration.Assessment methods of Earthquake-caused Indirect Economic Loss GB/T 27932—2011[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2012:207-219.(in Chinese)
[2]吴吉东,傅宇,张洁,等.1949—2013年中国气象灾害灾情变化趋势分析[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(9):1520-1530.WU Jidong,FU Yu,ZHANG Jie,et al.Meteorological disaster trend analysis in China:1949—2013[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(9):1520-1530.(in Chinese)
[3]史培军.五论灾害系统研究的理论与实践[J].自然灾害学报,2009,18(5):1-9.SHI Peijun.Theory and practice on disaster system research in a fifth time[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2009,18(5):1-9.(in Chinese)
[4]ECLAC(United Nations/Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean).Handbook for Estimating the Socio-economic and Environmental Effects of Disaster[R].LC/MEX/G.5.Mexico City:ECLAC,2003.
[5]EU(European Union),UNDG(UN Development Group)and the World Bank.Post Disaster Needs Assessment Guidelines(PDNA).2013[EB/OL].[2017-11-15].http://www.worldbank.org.
[6]唐少卿,聂华林.灾害与灾害损失评估[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1992.TANG Shaoqing,NIE Hualin.Disaster Loss and Disaster Loss Assessment[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,1992.(in Chinese)
[7]史培军,袁艺.重特大自然灾害综合评估[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(9):1145-1151.SHI Peijun,YUAN Yi.Integrated assessment of large-scale natural disasters in China[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(9):1145-1151.(in Chinese)
[8]高庆华,马宗晋,张业成.自然灾害评估[M].北京:气象出版社,2007.GAO Qinghua,MA Zongjin,ZHANG Yecheng.Natural Disaster Assessment[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[9]吴吉东,李宁.浅析灾害间接经济损失评估的重要性[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(3):15-21.WU Jidong,LI Ning.Elementary discussion about importance of indirect economic loss estimation of disasters[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(3):15-21.(in Chinese)
[10]吴吉东,李宁,温玉婷,等.自然灾害的影响及间接经济损失评估方法[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(6):877-885.WU Jidong,LI Ning,WEN Yuting,et al.Economic impact of natural disaster and indirect economic loss estimation methods[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(6):877-885.(in Chinese)
[11]于庆东,沈荣芳.灾害经济损失评估理论与方法探讨[J].灾害学,1996,11(2):10-14.YU Qingdong,SHEN Rongfang.Assessment methods of disaster economic loss[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1996,11(2):10-14.(in Chinese)
[12]Coppola D.Introduction to International Disaster Management(3rd ed.)[M].Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,2015.
[13]李宁,吴吉东.自然灾害应急管理导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.LI Ning,WU Jidong.Introduction of natural disaster emergency management[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2011.(in Chinese)
[14]IPCC.Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation.A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(eds).Field CB,Barros V,Stocker TF,et al.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK,2012.
[15]赵延东,张化枫.灾后需求评估——理论、方法与实践[J].自然灾害学报,2013,22(3):24-31.ZHAO Yandong,ZHANG Huafeng.Post-disaster needs assessment:theory,methodology and practice[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2013,22(3):24-31.(in Chinese)
[16]郑功成.灾害经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2010.ZHENG Gongcheng.Disaster Economics[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2010.(in Chinese)
[17]赵阿兴,马宗晋.自然灾害损失评估指标体系的研究[J].自然灾害学报,1993,2(3):1-7.ZHAO Axing,MA Zongjin.Appraising study for the loss evaluation system of natural disasters[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1993,2(3):1-7.(in Chinese)
[18]Parker D,Green C,Thompson CS.Urban Flood Protection Benefits:A Project Appraisal Guide[M].Aldershot,UK:Gower Technical Press,1987.
[19]WU J,LI N,XIE W,et al.Post-Disaster recovery and economic impact of the catastrophes in China[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(4):1825-1846.
[20]WU J,LI N,HALLEGATTE S,et al.Regional indirect economic impact evaluation of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,65(1):161-172.
[21]郭伟和.福利经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2001.GUO Weihe.Welfare Economics[M].Beijing:Economy&Management Publishing Press,2001.(in Chinese)
[22]高俊.基于福利损失的中国灾害风险应对能力研究[D].武汉大学,2011.GAO Jun.A Study of Optimal Disaster Relief Policy in China Based on Welfare Loss[D].Wuhan University,2011.(in Chinese)
[23]田玲,高俊.灾害风险、福利损失与政府最优救助计划[J].经济管理,2012,34(1):173-181.TIAN Ling,GAO Jun.Disaster risks,welfare costs and the optimal disaster relief policy of government[J].Economic Management,2012,34(1):173-181.(in Chinese)
[24]民政部,国家统计局.特别重大自然灾害损失统计制度[EB/OL].(2014-05-09)[2017-07-21].http://xxgk.mca.gov.cn/n1360/n51127.files/n51128.pdf.Ministry of Civil Affairs,National Bureau of Statistics.Statistical system for the loss of major natural disasters[EB/OL].(2014-05-09)[2017-07-21].http://xxgk.mca.gov.cn/n1360/n51127.files/n51128.pdf.](in Chinese)
[25]于汐,唐彦东,刘春平.统计生命价值研究综述[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(9):146-151.YU Xi,TANG Yandong,LIU Chunping.A review of progress in study on value of a statistical life[J].China Safety Science Journal,2014,24(9):146-151.(in Chinese)
[26]Viscusi WK,Aldy JE.The value of a statistical life:a critical review of market estimates throughout the world[J].Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,2003(27):5-76.
[27]黄德生,张世秋.京津冀地区控制PM_(2.5)污染的健康效益评估[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):166-174.HUANG Desheng,ZHANG Shiqiu.Health benefit evaluation for PM2.5 pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China[J].2013,33(1):166-174.(in Chinese)
[28]United Nations,European Commission,International Monetary Fund,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,World Bank.Handbook of National Accounting:Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003[EB/OL].[2017-07-20].https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea2003.pdf,2003.
[29]叶涛,吴吉东,王尧,等.多年期森林火灾保险产品设计研究——以浙江省丽水市为例.保险研究,2016(2):87-98.YE Tao,WU Jidong,WANG Yao,et al.Design of Multi-year forest fire insurance product:A case study of Lishui City of Zhejiang[J].Insurance Studies,2016(2):87-98.(in Chinese)
[30]国家林业局.森林资源资产评估技术规范LY/T2407-2015[S].2015.State Forestry Administration P.R.China.Norm of techniques for estimation of forest economic values LY/T2407-2015[R].2015.(in Chinese)
[31]何浩,潘耀忠,朱文泉,等.中国陆地生态系统服务价值测量[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(6):1122-1127.HE Hao,PAN Yaozhong,ZHU Wenquan,et al.Measurement of terrestrial ecosystem service value in China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Econology,2005,16(6):1122-1127.(in Chinese)
[32]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.XIE Gaodi,LU Chunxia,LENG Yunfa,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.(in Chinese)
[33]李莲芳,曾希柏,李国学,等.北京市水体污染的经济损失评估[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(6):247-253.LI Lianfang,ZENG Xibai,LI Guoxue,et al.Evaluation of economic loss by water pollution in Beijing[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2006,15(6):247-253.(in Chinese)
[34]李宁,吴吉东,崔维佳.基于ARIO模型的汶川地震灾后恢复重建期模拟[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(2):68-75.LI Ning,WU Jidong,CUI Weijia.Simulation of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction period of Wenchuan earthquake based on adaptive regional input-output model[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(2):68-75.(in Chinese)
[35]吴先华,徐中兵,袁迎蕾,等.台风灾害的关联经济损失评估——以江苏省为例[J].灾害学,2014,29(2):77-83.WU Xianhua,XU Zhongbin,YUAN Yinglei,et al.Relational economic loss assessment of typhoon disaster——a case study of jiangsu province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2014,29(2):77-83.(in Chinese)
[36]黄小莉,李仙德,温家洪,等.极端洪灾情景下上海汽车制造业经济损失与波及效应评估[J].地理研究,2017,36(9):1801-1816.HUANG Xiaoli,LI Xiande,WEN Jiahong,et al.Measuring the economic losses and ripple effects of Shanghai automobile firms under extreme flood scenarios[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(9):1801-1816.(in Chinese)
[37]Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA).2011.Hazus-MH-MR5 Technical Manual[M].Washington D C:Department of Homeland Security.
[38]XIE W,LI N,WU J,et al.Modeling economic costs of disasters and recovery involving positive effects of reconstruction:analysis using a dynamic CGE model[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2014(14):757-772.
[39]XIE W,LI N,WU J,et al.Disaster risk decision:a dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis of regional mitigation investment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2015,21(1):81-99.
[40]杜一.灾害与灾害经济[M].北京:中国城市经济社会出版社,1988.DU Yi.Disaster and Disaster Economy[M].Beijing:China City Economic and Social Publishing House,1988.(in Chinese)
[41]马宗晋,陈玉琼,胡嘉海,等.灾害与社会[M].北京:地震出版社,1990.MA Zongjin,CHEN Yuqiong,HU Jiahai,et al.Disasters and Society[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1990.(in Chinese)
[42]GB/T 27932—2011地震灾害间接经济损失评估方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.China Earthquake Administration.Assessment methods of Earthquake-caused Indirect Economic Loss GB/T 27932—2011[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2012:207-219.(in Chinese)