无碱溶液中的甘油选择性氧化:简短的综述（英文）
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摘要
生物柴油是一种重要的"绿色能源",它燃烧性能好,生产原料来源广泛,可再生,已经成为欧美等国广泛使用的绿色燃料.但是,采用甘油三酯通过酯交换生产生物柴油的同时,甘油作为副产物也大量生成.据统计, 2015年全球生物柴油基甘油的产量已经超过350万吨,因此将过剩的甘油转化为其他更有价值的化学品具有重要意义.本文首先介绍了目前文献中广泛报道的甘油转化工艺,如氧化、氢解、脱水、酯化、醚化、酯交换、聚合等及上述反应可以制备的一系列化学品,然后结合我们课题组的研究进展,详细论述了甘油选择氧化的催化剂和反应工艺.采用分子氧作为氧化剂,在固体催化剂作用下,甘油可以氧化成二羟基丙酮、甘油酸、甘油醛等具有高附加值的精细化学品.在发表的文献中,单一的Pt, Pd, Au催化剂,以及多组分的Au-Pt, Au-Pd, Pt-Bi, Pt-Cu, Pt-Sb, Pt-Co催化剂等在液相甘油氧化反应中的活性规律及构效关系已经被广泛报道.早期的研究结果普遍认为,碱性助剂在甘油氧化反应中起着举足轻重的作用,这是因为反应溶液中的OHˉ可以促进甘油的初始脱氢,是开启氧化过程的必要步骤.但是,碱的加入会导致产物以盐的形式存在,必须通过进一步的分离和中和才能得到最终产物,这些步骤有可能在数据分析和机理研究中带来误差.因此,在无碱溶液下进行甘油氧化并得到较高的甘油转化率和目的产物选择性具有重要意义.近几年来,有关在酸性溶液中(不添加碱性助剂)将甘油高效氧化的催化剂及其反应机理的研究得到了广泛认可和快速发展.本文详细介绍了单一的Pt催化剂以及Au, Cu, Pd, Co等改进的Pt催化剂在甘油氧化制备甘油酸反应中的活性规律和构效关系,讨论了金属形貌、载体的组成和结构、反应条件等的影响以及甘油氧化反应机理等.同时,本文还特别涉及在甘油氧化制二羟基丙酮反应中一些双金属催化剂(如Pt-Bi和Pt-Sb)的特殊结构和作用机理,对比了助剂与Pt的结合模式(如site-block和合金)及其与甘油活化、中间产物转化之间的关系.依据上述文献并结合最新Au/CuO催化剂活性规律的研究进展,我们认为二羟基丙酮是甘油氧化的初始产物,但由于二羟基丙酮很不稳定,极易进一步氧化成甘油酸及其它深度氧化产物,因此Pt-Bi和Pt-Sb催化剂中Bi和Sb等助剂的主要作用可归结为抑止二羟基丙酮的进一步氧化.最后,本文介绍了最近报道的在固定床反应器中进行的甘油连续氧化反应的催化剂及其活性规律.
Catalytic transformation of glycerol to value-added products has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Among various transformations, selective oxidation of glycerol with molecular oxygen to dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid, glyceraldehydes, and tartronic acid is challenging both from the viewpoint of academic research and industrial application. Herein, we review the recent progresses in the selective oxidation of glycerol under base-free conditions. Those catalysts widely reported for the selective oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups in glycerol, such as monometallic Au, Pt, and Pd NPs, and bimetallic Au-Pt, Au-Pd, Pt-Bi, Pt-Sb, and Pt-Cu, were compared and discussed in detail. The reaction mechanism over Pt-based catalysts, possible catalyst deactivation, and the corresponding improvements are presented. Further, the recent progresses in the continuous oxidation of glycerol in fixed bed reactors and its excellent selectivity in the formation of dihydroxyacetone are highlighted.
Catalytic transformation of glycerol to value-added products has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Among various transformations, selective oxidation of glycerol with molecular oxygen to dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid, glyceraldehydes, and tartronic acid is challenging both from the viewpoint of academic research and industrial application. Herein, we review the recent progresses in the selective oxidation of glycerol under base-free conditions. Those catalysts widely reported for the selective oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl and secondary hydroxyl groups in glycerol, such as monometallic Au, Pt, and Pd NPs, and bimetallic Au-Pt, Au-Pd, Pt-Bi, Pt-Sb, and Pt-Cu, were compared and discussed in detail. The reaction mechanism over Pt-based catalysts, possible catalyst deactivation, and the corresponding improvements are presented. Further, the recent progresses in the continuous oxidation of glycerol in fixed bed reactors and its excellent selectivity in the formation of dihydroxyacetone are highlighted.
引文
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