耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田N_2O排放、水稻氮吸收及产量的影响
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摘要
保护性耕作是改善农田土壤肥力的重要举措,然而其对作物氮吸收与产量的作用尚不明确。为此,本试验于2016—2017年稻季在湖北省武穴市花桥镇,设置常规翻耕与免耕两种耕作方式以及前茬作物秸秆全量还田与不还田两种秸秆还田方法,研究耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤N_2O排放、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式显著影响土壤N_2O排放,但不影响根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。与翻耕处理相比,免耕处理2016年和2017年土壤N_2O排放量分别显著提高了12.5%～18.2%和21.1%～38.6%。秸秆还田显著影响土壤N_2O排放量、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。相对于秸秆不还田处理,秸秆还田处理2016年和2017年土壤N_2O排放量分别显著提高了38.5%～45.5%和13.1%～29.5%。秸秆还田处理相对于不还田处理根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性分别显著增加了6.7%～45.9%和9.0%～46.7%,水稻氮吸收量提高了12.5%～26.0%,产量增加了9.4%～12.6%。本文认为,虽然秸秆还田提高了水稻氮吸收与产量,但也促进了土壤N_2O的排放,因此在评估保护性耕作稻田温室效应时应加强对温室气体(CH4和N_2O)排放和土壤碳固定影响的长期监测,以期为发展低碳稻作提供理论依据和技术支撑。
Conservation tillage is an important practice to improve agricultural soil fertility. However, the effects of this practice on crop nitrogen uptake and grain yield remain unknown. Here, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage(conventional intensive tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]) and straw returning methods(preceding crop straw returning [S] and removal [NS]) on soil N_2O emission, root nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, nitrogen uptake of rice plants and grain yield in the 2016 and 2017 rice growing seasons at Huaqiao town, Wuxue county, Hubei province. The tillage practices and straw returning methods had significant effects on the N_2O emission from paddy soil. Compared with CT treatment, NT treatment enhanced the N_2O emission by 12.5%–18.2% in 2016 and 21.1%–38.6% in 2017. S treatments increased the soil N_2O emission by 38.5%–45.5% in 2016 and 13.1%–29.5% in 2017 as compared with NS treatments. Straw returning methods had significant effects on root nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as on nitrogen uptake of rice plants and grain yield. Compared with NS treatments, S treatments had 6.7%–45.9% higher root nitrate reductase activity and9.0%–46.7% higher root glutamine synthetase activity, resulting in 12.5%–26.0% higher nitrogen uptake of rice plants and 9.4%–12.6% greater grain yield. Our results indicate that straw returning significantly increases nitrogen uptake and grain yield, and also promotes soil N_2O emissions, suggesting that the effects of long-term NT and straw returning on global warming potential and soil carbon sequestration should be taken into account when assessing the global warming potential of these practices.
Conservation tillage is an important practice to improve agricultural soil fertility. However, the effects of this practice on crop nitrogen uptake and grain yield remain unknown. Here, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage(conventional intensive tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]) and straw returning methods(preceding crop straw returning [S] and removal [NS]) on soil N_2O emission, root nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, nitrogen uptake of rice plants and grain yield in the 2016 and 2017 rice growing seasons at Huaqiao town, Wuxue county, Hubei province. The tillage practices and straw returning methods had significant effects on the N_2O emission from paddy soil. Compared with CT treatment, NT treatment enhanced the N_2O emission by 12.5%–18.2% in 2016 and 21.1%–38.6% in 2017. S treatments increased the soil N_2O emission by 38.5%–45.5% in 2016 and 13.1%–29.5% in 2017 as compared with NS treatments. Straw returning methods had significant effects on root nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as on nitrogen uptake of rice plants and grain yield. Compared with NS treatments, S treatments had 6.7%–45.9% higher root nitrate reductase activity and9.0%–46.7% higher root glutamine synthetase activity, resulting in 12.5%–26.0% higher nitrogen uptake of rice plants and 9.4%–12.6% greater grain yield. Our results indicate that straw returning significantly increases nitrogen uptake and grain yield, and also promotes soil N_2O emissions, suggesting that the effects of long-term NT and straw returning on global warming potential and soil carbon sequestration should be taken into account when assessing the global warming potential of these practices.
引文
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[4]Guo L J,Zhang Z S,Wang D D,Li C F,Cao C G.Effects of short-term conservation management practices on soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community composition under a rice-wheat rotation system.Biol Fert Soils,2015,51:65-75
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[7]Zhang J S,Zhang F P,Yang J H,Wang J P,Cai M L,Li C F,Cao C G.Emissions of N2O and NH3,and nitrogen leaching from direct seeded rice under different tillage practices in central China.Agric Ecosyst Environ,2011,140:164-173.
[8]Rochette P.No-till only increases N2O emissions in poorly-aerated soils.Soil Tillage Res,2008,101:97-100.
[9]Venterea R T,Bijesh M,Dolan M S.Fertilizer source and tillage effects on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions in a corn cropping system.J Environ Qual,2011,40:1521-1531.
[10]张岳芳,郑建初,陈留根,王子臣,朱普平,盛婧,王亚雷.麦秸还田与土壤耕作对稻季CH4和N2O排放的影响.生态环境学报,2009,18:2334-2338.Zhang Y F,Zheng J C,Chen L G,Wang Z C,Zhu P P,Sheng J,Wang Y L.Effects of wheat straw returning and soil tillage on CH4 and N2O emissions in paddy season.Ecol Environ Sci,2009,18:2334-2338(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]Weier K L,Doran J W,Power J F,Walters D T.Denitrification and the dinitrogen/nitrous oxide ratio as affected by soil water available carbon and nitrate.Soil Sci Soc Am J,1993,57:66-72.
[12]Jensen E S.Nitrogen immobilization and mineralization during initial decomposition of 15N-labelled pea and barley residues.Biol Fert Soils,1997,24:39-44.
[13]Pittelkow C M,Liang X,Linquist B A,van Groenigen K J,Lee J,Lundy M E,van Gestel N,Six J,Venterea R T,van Kessel C.Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture.Nature,2015,517:365-368.
[14]Li C,Zhang Z,Guo L,Cai M,Cao C.Emissions of CH4 and CO2from double rice cropping systems under varying tillage and seeding methods.Atmos Environ,2013,80:438-444.
[15]Zheng X,Wang M,Wang Y,Shen R,Li J,Heyer J,Kogge M,Li L,Jin J.Comparison of manual and automatic methods for measurement of methane emission from rice paddy fields.Adv Atmos Sci,1998,15:569-579.
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[17]Ussiri D A,Lal R,Jarecki M K.Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from long-term tillage under a continuous corn cropping system in Ohio.Soil Tillage Res,2009,104:247-255.
[18]Six J,Ogle S M,Conant R T,Mosier A R,Paustian K.The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term.Global Change Boil,2004,10:155-160.
[19]Liu X J,Mosier A R,Halvorson A D,Zhang F S.The impact of nitrogen placement and tillage on NO,N2O,CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a clay loam soil.Plant Soil,2006,280:177-188.
[20]Harada H,Kobayashi H,Shindo H.Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by no-tilling rice cultivation in Hachirogata polder,northern Japan:life-cycle inventory analysis.Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2007,53:668-677.
[21]Abdalla M,Osborne B,Lanigan G,Forristal D,Williams M,Smith P,Jones M B.Conservation tillage systems:a review of its consequences for greenhouse gas emissions.Soil Use Manage,2013,29:199-209.
[22]Shan J,Yan X Y.Effects of crop residue returning on nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils.Atmos Environ,2013,71:170-175.
[23]熊淑萍,吴克远,王小纯,吴懿鑫,杜盼,马新明.不同氮效率小麦品种苗期根系氮代谢及其吸收能力差异分析.麦类作物学报,2016,36:325-331.Xiong S P,Wu K Y,Wang X C,Wu Y X,Du P,Ma X M.Analysis of nitrogen metabolism in roots and uptake characteristic of wheat cultivars with different nitrogen efficiency at seedling stage.J Triticeae Crops,2016,36:325-331(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]周佳民,徐世宏,江立庚.免耕对水稻根系生长及根际环境的影响:II.免耕对水稻根系保护酶活性的影响.中国农学通报,2009,25(14):118-121.Zhou J M,Xu S H,Jiang L G.Influence of no tillage on root growth and rhizosphere environment in rice:II.Influence of no tillage on activities of antioxidant enzymes in root.Chin Agric Sci Bull,2009,25(14):118-121(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]隋鹏祥,张文可,梅楠,田平,王英俨,孙悦,孟广鑫,苏业涵,齐华.不同秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量、水分利用和根系生长的影响.水土保持学报,2018,32(4):255-261.Sui P X,Zhang W K,Mei N,Tian P,Wang Y Y,Sun Y,Meng GX,Su Y H,Qi H.Effects of different straw returning methods and spring maize yield,water use and root growth.J Soil Water Conserv,2018,32(4):255-261(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]李国清,石岩.深松和翻耕对旱地小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响.麦类作物学报,2012,32:500-502.Li G Q,Shi Y.Effect of subsoiling tillage and ploughing tillage on the root senescence after anthesis and yield of wheat in dry-land.J Triticeae Crops,2012,32:500-502(in Chinese with English abstract).
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